Imikhumbi Columbus: isihloko, incazelo. Umkhumbi uColumbus Santa Maria. "Nina" umkhumbi Hristofora Kolumba

"UColumbus ethola amazwe aseMelika, itilosi omkhulu" - njengoba besho ingoma eyodwa ... Nokho, ngaphambi samuka, umhloli wamazwe odumile iminyaka eminingi wayebheke ngokuxhasa i yokuqala nokuqhuba amabhizinisi abo. Nakuba nezicukuthwane abaningi bangaleso sikhathi Hristofora Kolumba msebenzi waba ngendlela ethandwa nguye, ukwaba imali ukusetshenziswa kwaso, base ekujaheni. Nokho, owathola esizayo wayeyindoda esinomdlandla, futhi namanje ukuqoqa izimali ezidingekayo, futhi ofakelwe imikhumbi emithathu, ngamunye ephethe indaba yayo siqu emangalisayo.

Hristofor Kolumb

Ngaphambi kokufunda mayelana nemikhumbi, uhambo lwakhe edume Columbus, kuyafaneleka ukukhumbula itilosi okukhulu.

Hristofor Kolumb wazalwa ngo 1451 e-Republic of Genoa. ubuzwe lakhe ososayensi ikakhulukazi ukufuthelana mpikiswano. Christopher yena kubhekwa itilosi iSpanishi, njengoba abantu abaningi baseSpain ahlonyiselwe ngohambo lwakhe. Nokho, imithombo ehlukene abhekisela kuso ngokuthi i-Italian, Catalan ngisho uma umJuda ebuKristwini.

Kunoma ikuphi, umuntu Columbus wayevelele, okuyinto zamnika ithuba ukuze uthole imfundo esezingeni elifanele e-University of edolobheni Italy Pavia. Ngemva kokutadisha Christopher baba ngokuvamile ukubhukuda. Ngokuvamile, lapho oke wabamba iqhaza zasolwandle ukuhweba lokuyoshumayela. Mhlawumbe lokhu kungenxa Entrainment ikhambo zasolwandle nesishiyagalolunye Columbus waganwa indodakazi ka wamazwe odumile Dona Felipe de Palestrello.

Lapho owathola ikusasa Melika amabili nantathu, waqala ukuba aholele ukuxhumana esebenzayo kanye edume Florentine isazi Paolo Toscanelli, eyamtshela umbono ukuvakashela India ulwandle i-Atlantic Ocean.

Ngemva kokuchitha ukubalisisa kwabo, Hristofor Kolumb wayeqiniseka bokufaneleka usiba lwayo pal. Ngakho-ke, eminyakeni embalwa ezayo wavuma iphrojekthi travel abantu abacebile iningi Genoa. Kodwa abazange umazise, futhi yalile ukukhokhela.

Edumele ne Nationals, Columbus inikeza ukuhlela uhambo seNkosini ePortugal ngemva nabakhulu abefundisi Spain. Kodwa iminyaka yayiqhubeka, futhi akekho ukwaba izimali umsebenzi Columbus. Ngenxa yokuphelelwa ithemba, itilosi waphenduka ngisho nenkosi British, kodwa konke ngeze. Futhi nje eseneminyaka ukuthuthela France futhi kukhona ukuzama inhlanhla yabo, abaseSpain Queen Isabella uhlaziyo kuzo ukuze sikhokhele lolu uhambo.

Columbus travel

Zonke wamazwe omkhulu wenza ezine yalolu hambo besuka eYurophu beya eMelika. Bonke kwenziwe esikhathini kusuka 1492 kuya 1504.

Phakathi uhambo lokuqala Columbus naye engahamba abantu abayikhulu emikhunjini emithathu. Ubude zohambo wathatha izinyanga ezingaba ngu-eyisikhombisa nengxenye. Ngalesi eviyweni, wabahloli wathola esiqhingini Cuba, Haiti kanye Bahamas eCaribbean. UColumbus ethola ezweni iminyaka eminingi, okuthiwa eWest Indies. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi abanye abacwaningi baye bame kwelokuthi inhloso bomkhankaso yaseColumbus wayengekho India, futhi Japan.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngenxa izingxabano ezihlukahlukene ezweni elivulekile baphela ukuba impahla kuphela Crown iSpanishi futhi yahlukaniswa phakathi amandla zasolwandle European.

Nakuba Christopher kwaba bomkhankaso wesithathu UVasco da Gama wathola indlela yangempela lapho beya eNdiya, ngaleyo ndlela ngokubeka inhlamba ku idumela Columbus ukukhwabanisa. Ngemva kwalokho, kakhulu wamazwe ngamaketanga wathunyelwa ekhaya, futhi efuna ukulibulala ukwahlulela, kepha ocebileyo Spanish kakade ukwenza imali ezinhle phezu kwezwe evulekile, Columbus bavikela futhi kuvikelwe akhululwe.

Ukuzama ukufakazela icala labo, itilosi wathatha uhambo lesine, ngesikhathi lapho ekugcineni efika ezwekazini Melika.

Ngo yamuva iminyaka, ukuphila Hristofor Kolumb wazama bazithole isihloko kwamadoda asebukhosini, yamnikeza Uthwesé ambalwa, le mithi iSpanishi, kanye nenzuzo yokuba amazwe umphakathi. Nokho, akazange ukuphatha ukukwenza. Ngemva kokufa izinsalela owathola perezahoronyali izikhathi eziningana, kangangokuthi manje kukhona longalulandzela ethuneni Hristofora Kolumba.

Three umkhumbi Columbus (Karakka futhi caravels)

Lapho Hristofor Kolumb okwenziwe ekugcineni finance uhambo wakhe wokuqala, wakhipha eyingoduso ekulungiseleleni imikhumbi.

Okokuqala-ke kwakudingekile ukucacisa inombolo. Njengoba inkampani yakhe kwaba ngempela okuyingozi, ukuhlomisa yemikhumbi eminingi kwakubiza. Ngesikhathi esifanayo imikhumbi elilodwa noma amabili - nokuncane kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, kwanqunywa ukuba ukuhlomisa amayunithi ezintathu. Zazinjani imikhumbi Columbus? Chief phakathi kwabo - Karakka "Santa Maria," futhi caravels ezimbili, "Nina" kanye "Pinta".

Karakka futhi caravel - kuyini?

Lo mkhumbi Hristofora Kolumba 'Santa Maria' ngohlobo kwaba Karakka. Ngakho ngokuthi ezivamile ekhulwini th 15-16, uyasuka nemikhumbi 3-4 insika. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi e-Europe babengamaqhawe omkhulu ngesikhathi. Njengomthetho, le mikhumbi kungenzeka ibekwe ngokukhululekile anamakhulu mahlanu eziyinkulungwane. Uma sicabanga ukuthi bonke abantu abasemkhunjini lwemikhumbi ezintathu Columbus kwaba abantu abayikhulu, cishe, "Santa Maria," kwaba Karakka encane.

Okunye imikhumbi Columbus (igama yabo "Nina" kanye "Pinta") babe caravels. Lokhu isitsha 2-3-mast kwakuvamile ngaleyo minyaka efanayo. Ngokungafani Karakka, base kancane uyakufanelekela ukuba uhambo olude. Kodwa awazange ezikwazi, futhi kulula futhi ezishibhile, ngakho ngokushesha dedengu bona owaketulwa karakki okukhulu kakhulu.

"Santa Maria," umkhumbi Columbus sika

Njengoba isithombe itilosi omkhulu, futhi ukubonakala imikhumbi yakhe yokuqala emithathu ungazange lalondolozwa. Incazelo Columbus imikhumbi, kanye nezindlela zabo, kunalokho okwe sisuselwa amazwi bokuzibonela ngasinda eminyakeni eminingi kamuva noma ezizathwini of ososayensi.

Njengoba kukholelwa kanjalo ngokuvamile, "Santa Maria," kwaba encane eyodwa-emphemeni Karakka nge insika ezintathu. Kusolwa ukuthi obuphelele womkhumbi kwaba 25 m, ububanzi -. 8 m Okusalungiswa cishe kwakuyihora 1200 umkhumbi ukubambelela kwaba 3 m ejulile, futhi emphemeni kwakuvame embhedeni ithemba, apholile esiphansi sasihlala izisebenzi kwawokugcina izimpahla .. Ethangini yayinomganga esingunxantathu.

"Santa Maria," (umkhumbi Columbus sika) kwaba ifakwe izibhamu eziningi ze-calibers ahlukahlukene, eklanyelwe nomlilo itshe amabhola. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi kumarekhodi akhe Navigator ngezikhathi ngokuthi iwuhlelo zakhe Karakka, le caravel. Flagship Columbus umkhumbi kwakungekaNkulunkulu Juan de la Kos, futhi owayengumphathi induna yakhe.

Isiphetho "Santa Maria,"

Ngeshwa, "Santa Maria," ayizange ezimiselwe ukubuyela eSpain kudala njengoba ngoDisemba 1492 ikhaya lokuqala, ngesikhathi uhambo lokuqala, Flagship Columbus wayesehlala zamakhorali eduze Haiti. Eqaphela ukuthi ugcine "Santa Maria," akunakwenzeka, Christopher ngaphambilini nisuse utho kulo, konke lokho kungaba lenani, wayiswa caravel. umkhumbi ngokwawo kwanqunywa ukuba ukuqaqa izinto zokwakha, kusukela lapho kamuva esiqhingini efanayo Fort "Christmas" ( "i-Navidad") yayakhiwe.

"Nina"

Ngokusho owathola ababephila ngesikhathi, "Nina" (umkhumbi Columbus kuwo) umkhumbi Intandokazi owathola mazwe amasha. Kuzo zonke zakhe wayimboza wakhe phezu amakhilomitha amane anamahlanu amawaka. Ngemva kokufa "Santa Maria," kuyinto sebenzi it jikisa nga Flagship Columbus.

igama langempela lomuntu umkhumbi "Santa Clara", kodwa amalungu bomkhankaso babembiza wakhe "ingane," okuyinto e imisindo Spanish efana "Nina". Umnikazi umkhumbi wawususukile Juan Niño. Kodwa ngo hambo lokuqala Columbus ngukaputeni "Nini" kwaba Vicente Yáñez Pinzón.

Ngokusho ososayensi, ubukhulu "Santa Clara 'kwakuyihora 17 m ubude kanye 5.5 m ububanzi. Futhi kunenkolelo ukuthi kwakukhona insika ezintathu phezu "Nine." Ngokusho lwamakholi omkhumbi, odabuka lokhu caravel ukuthi lefanele, ungalibalekeli oseyili, futhi ngemva kokuhlala abantu abalisebenzisayo eziQhingini zaseCanary, bona kwathathelwa indawo imigca lecondzile.

Ekuqaleni, umkhumbi wawusengozini amalungu kancane engaphezu kwamashumi amabili izisebenzi, kodwa ngemva "Santa Maria," ukufa ngaphezulu kubo. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi kuso isikhathi amatilosi lokuqala bebelele useyili, ukuthatha phezu isiko amaNdiya.

Isiphetho "Nini"

Ngokuphepha emuva iSpain ngemva uhambo lokuqala Columbus, "Nina" futhi bahlanganyela kohambo lwesibili Christopher ogwini of America. Phakathi elidumile 1495 isiphepho "Santa Clara" kwaba umkhumbi, onguyena kuphela osaphila.

Phakathi 1496th kanye 1498th ozithandayo umkhumbi owathola Melika elathunjwa bemikhumbi, kodwa sibonga isibindi nenhloko-dolobha yalo, wadedelwa futhi waya lwesithathu uhambo Columbus.

Ngemva 1501 akukho ulwazi mayelana nalo, cishe caravel wacwila phakathi omunye wemikhankaso.

"Pinta"

idatha eqondile ukubukeka futhi lobuchwepheshe izici umkhumbi emlandweni liye lalondolozwa.

Esikwaziyo ukuthi womkhumbi uColumbus Pinta 'kwaba caravel enkulu owayekulelo qembu ayehamba nalo kuqala isihambi okukhulu. Nokho, ngezizathu ezingaziwa ngemva kokufa "Santa Maria," ekhanda ukubhukuda akhetha ukungazifaki ke njengoba iwuhlelo. Ezimweni eziningi, lokhu kwaba ezazibekwe phezu kwempi, induna umkhumbi - Martín Alonso Pinzón. Ngempela, phakathi nohambo, ngokuphindaphindiwe inselelo ngesinqumo yaseColumbus. Mhlawumbe itilosi omkhulu esatshwe isiphithiphithi futhi ngenxa yalokho wakhetha umkhumbi lapho Ukaputeni uMzalwan 'uMartin - enetjhuguluko Vicente.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi i-New World waba ngowokuqala ukubona itilosi nge "Pinta".

Kuyaziwa ukuthi imikhumbi wabuyela ekhaya eceleni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, induna "Pinta" wonke amabutho wafuna umkhumbi wakhe wafika kuqala Spain, nginethemba lokuthi ukukutshela izindaba ezinhle. Kodwa ngasekupheleni kakhulu kwamahora ambalwa ngenxa isiphepho.

"Pinta" Ukudalelwa

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa sendlela savela isiphetho umkhumbi "Pinta" ngemva uColumbus nohambo lwabo lwasolwandle, akwaziwa. Kunobufakazi bokuthi ngemva kokubuya ukaputeni womkhumbi kwaba ngempela kubanda lenkaba yokutholwa. Futhi ngenxa yezinkinga zempilo aluthola ngesikhathi uhambo, washona ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa. Mhlawumbe umkhumbi noma wathengiswa futhi yashintsha igama layo, noma babulawe Phakathi nohambo esilandelayo.

Okunye imikhumbi Columbus

Uma ngesikhathi uhambo lokuqala uColumbus imikhumbi lalinabashumayeli ezintathu izikebhe ezincane kuphela, okwesibili kwakukhona nesikhombisa eyesithathu - eziyisithupha, futhi sesine - konke ezine. Lokhu kwakubangelwa nokuphelelwa yithemba ku Hristoforu Kolumbu. Okuxakayo ukuthi ezimbalwa ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka kwenziwa Columbus, uyobe uzipha esinye heroes enkulu yeSpain.

Amagama iningi lezi zitsha ungazange lalondolozwa. Esikwaziyo ukuthi Flagship bomkhankaso sesibili kwakukhona umkhumbi okuthiwa "wokuba uMarie-Galante", futhi sesine - "La Capital".

Ngemva kweminyaka eminingi kangako ngemva kwatholakala ku eminye imikhumbi Columbus ngomkhumbi ohambweni lwakhe lokuqala, futhi ngavula indawo umhlaba omusha ngoba abantu bonke, kuyamangalisa ukuthi zakwazi kanjani ukubhukuda nhlobo. Ngemva anawo Umqhele Spanish babe enkantolo enamandla angaphezulu voluminous, kodwa zabanikazi ungafuni engozini kubo. Izindaba ezinhle ukuthi abanikazi "Santa Maria,", "Santa Clara" ( "Nini"), futhi "Pinta" bekungenjalo futhi bafika waseColumbus uhambo. Yingenxa yalesi basuke phakade wangena emlandweni wezwe njengoba bevula iziqhingi ezimbili ezintsha, ezwekazini.