Ungena isenzo umaluju kwemibandela eJalimane. Umlando seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili

Meyi 9, 1945 - lokhu usuku ijwayelekile zonke izakhamuzi zomphakathi Russia yesimanje futhi izwe elaliyiSoviet Union ngaphambili njengoba usuku Victory Omkhulu phezu wobushiqela. Ngeshwa, amaqiniso angokomlando akuzona njalo ocacile, lokhu kuvumela ezinye izazi-mlando baseNtshonalanga Yurophu phendulela izenzakalo. Ukusayinwa isenzo umaluju kwemibandela eJalimane kwenzeka ngokuhlukile kancane kuka sonke siyazi ezincwadini zomlando, kodwa ingabe akukhona ukushintsha isithombe intuthuko futhi umphumela impi wezimpi ezalandela.

okuhlaselayo

IRed Army ebusika zeminyaka 43-44 laxosha amaJalimane kuze kube semngceleni kuzo zonke izimpi. izimpi Fierce baqeda zoke amabutho amaningi esitha, kodwa futhi adale nobunzima ngenxa amasosha aseSoviet. Liberation of Karelia, Belarus, Ukraine, Poland, Bulgaria, eYugoslavia esenzeka Yiqiniso 1944 iRed Army safinyelela imingcele yezwe umphehli wodweshu. Ukusayinwa isenzo umaluju kwemibandela eJalimane kuseza, amakhilomitha akhathele mashi kwezinhloko zamaviyo kudingeka sibuye sizihlele kabusha ngoba impi yokugcina. Ukuthatha Berlin isibe kuyindaba yokukhathalelwa udumo wezwe lakithi, kulokhu, futhi umbimbi. -January 1945 kwaba yisikhathi okwakhiwa ngaso lapho kungayi lubuyayo ngoba amaNazi, impi yayisiphelile baphelelwa, kodwa singashi ngempela kanzima nalaba kubo emaphethelweni Berlin. Ukudalwa eziningi enezivikelo eziqinile, iNguquko amayunithi ibutho, ukusikwa zezigaba ku Eastern Front - Hitler uthatha lezi zenzo ukuze ukumisa amabutho aseSoviet. Phakathi kokunye, uphatha uyephuza kusengaphambili ku Berlin, it is lihlehliselwe kusuka February kuya-April 1945. Ukusebenza sihlelwe kahle futhi uzilungiselele, kuya izimpi ethuthuka bebambisana zonke izinqolobane kungenzeka nezikhali. Kusukela 16 kuya ku-April 17, 1945 kuhlaselwa inhlokodolobha Germany uqala ngokuchaza izinhlupheko nezimpi ezimbili - lokuqala Belarusian (Marshal Zhukov Georgiy Konstantinovich) futhi owokuqala Ukraine (. Isahluko Commander Konev Ivan Stepanovich), owesibili Belarusian Front (Rokossovskiy Konstantin Konstantinovich) ngeke babonise imvelo edolobheni futhi kuvimbele imizamo babe nempumelelo. Njengoba uma Kwaba khona nalawa esibi iminyaka emine empi, abalimele wasukuma laqala ukusebenza e-Berlin, naphezu ukumelana evuthayo amaNazi, uyithola ishanelwe ukuqinisa, wonke umuntu wayazi ukuthi lo is lungile dlela elikhulu ukuze siwuphumelele. Kuphela emini ngo-May 2 45 ngonyaka inhloko-dolobha Third Reich yawela ukuthula okuphelele, izinsalela ikampu lacela umaluju, amafulegi Soviet esikhundleni swastika ku izinsalela izakhiwo ubhujiswe.

umbimbi

Ehlobo lika-1944 iqala massaging kusengaphambili kwezinhloko zamaviyo azihlanganisa ohlangothini olusentshonalanga. It is ikakhulukazi kubangelwa ukuhlaselwa lishesha kakhulu iRed Army phezu obuphelele konke ngaphambili empumalanga. Ukufika kwe-Norman lokubikezela, ukuqhumisa amabhomu yecebo ezindaweni eziyinhloko yezimboni-Third Reich, ezempi endaweni eBelgium, eFrance naseJalimane, kakhulu izinkinga isimo iJalimane lamaNazi. Umsebenzi we endaweni Ruhr, eningizimu-Austria wavunyelwa ukuba bathuthukele ezijulile ensimini wodweshu. Umhlangano edume of amabutho aseSoviet azihlanganisa ku uMfula i-Elbe ngo-Ephreli '45 empeleni kuyisinyathelo sokugcina empini. I Zinikeleni laseJalimane lobuNazi, kuba Kuxhomeke isikhathi, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuthi ezinye kakade seluqalile ezinye amabutho Wehrmacht. Ngokombono zezombusazwe umbono, ukuthunjwa Berlin kwakudingeka umbimbi ngendlela efanayo ngokuthi iSoviet Union, ngokuphindaphindiwe kube ukhuluma Eisenhower. ubambe lokhu okuhlaselayo kwaba kwakuthiwa kungenzeka izingxenye axhunyiwe we-British, Americans futhi ophathelene nabantu baseCanada. Ngemva i Ardennes akuphumelelanga esiphikisayo okuhlaselayo, amabutho aseJalimane emuva cishe wonke nezimpi ngaphandle yabambana ngezihluthu, bezama ukuba baphonse uxhumano ukulwa-JavaScript ukuze empumalanga. Hitler empeleni wafulathela i-umbimbi zase-USSR, yonke imizamo ngokuthumela ukumisa iRed Army. Ngaphambili yesibili yayihamba kancane kakhulu, nomyalo umfelandawonye zezakhi engafuni ukulahlekelwa esindayo phakathi amasosha akhe ngesikhathi ehlasela Berlin kahle ebiyelweyo namadlelo ayo.

amaJalimane

Hitler walinda kwaze kwaba yilapho sekupheleni yokuhlukanisa we sokusebenzisana kanye izinguquko ku front line. Wayeqiniseka ukuthi umhlangano kuyophumela ohlotsheni Allied impi entsha ngokumelene USSR. Lapho ayekulindele zinganeliswa, wanquma ukwenza ukuthula no-United States naseGreat Britain, owawuzobanika ithuba ukuvala phambi yesibili. Izingxoxo iye yabhuntsha ngenxa ngesikhathi esifanele etholwe ngokuvumelana intelligence Soviet. Leli qiniso yashesha kakhulu ngaphambi kokuba kufike uSuku iRed Army futhi kwavimbela kungenzeka ephetha ukuthula ehlukile. OMfelandawonye kwadingeka sigcizelele singaphoqi nokulandela yonke izivumelwano Yalta, okwakusho ukusayinwa isenzo umaluju kwemibandela eJalimane. "Pass" Berlin, uHitler wayekulungele amabutho wamaNgisi namaMelika ukwenza kanjalo akazange aphumelele ukubuyisana nomkakhe ngenxa umyalo Soviet. Okuhlaselayo nasesiphephweni inhloko-dolobha Third Reich waqala okumelwe asinike amabutho ethu ukuhlonipha. AmaNazi fanatically bavikela, waswela indawo ashona, izindlela ukuze umuzi waphenduka izindawo enamandla enezivikelo eziqinile.

I Yalta lenkomfa

okuhlaselayo Massive ngezihluthu esempumalanga nengxenye esentshonalanga wakwenza kwacaca amaNazi ukuthi babe eduze Zinikeleni ingqikithi eJalimane. 1945 (ekuqaleni kwakhe) Hitler akuwenzanga ithuba lokuwina futhi amathuba okulwa eside kokubili nezimpi. I anti-Hitler sokusebenzisana wayekwazi ukubaluleka ikhambi bavumelana enokuthula ukuguqulwa indawo nezombusazwe abakhululiwe Europe. Abameleli eliphakeme amandla ezintathu ahlangene ngo-February 1945 bahlangana e Yalta. Stalin, Roosevelt futhi Churchill ukunquma ikusasa hhayi kuphela Germany, Poland, Italy naseFrance, baye wadala idivayisi entsha European okuguquguqukayo ukuthi waphawula eminyakeni engu-40 ezayo. Yiqiniso, kulezi zimo, akukho lamazwe ayikwazanga ebizela othile imigomo yabo, ngakho imiphumela yale ngqungquthela mlando kancane wanelisa izidingo wabaholi. Kodwa isizathu esiyinhloko kwakuwukungathathi ukubhujiswa wobushiqela nobuzwe, ingozi kohulumeni enjalo lwamukelwa ngokomthetho uMkhandlu-bonke abahlanganyeli.

idokhumenti Ilungiselela

Ukusayinwa isenzo umaluju kwemibandela eJalimane kwaba ngo-1945, kodwa ngisho 1943 okusalungiswa kwale dokhumenti kwavunyelwana yibo bonke emazweni anti-Hitler womanyano. I Initiator of indalo yayo kwaba Roosevelt, idokhumenti ngokwayo uhlanganiswe ngosizo ikomidi esibunjwe wezazi European. umbhalo okusalungiswa kwakuhluke kakhulu olunzulu futhi kwadingeka zokweluleka ngaphezulu imvelo, ngakho empeleni Zinikeleni German sasayinwa usuku lokulungisela Amaphepha ehluke ngokuphelele. izikhulu American wafika ukuthuthukiswa yayo umbutho wezempi, ohlangothini luyingxenye kokwenzekayo. Amaphuzu eziyisithupha idokhumenti equkethwe nezimfuneko ezithile, izinsuku ezithile futhi izinqubo uma ukwephulwa kwentfo letsite, okwakukhona mlando.

umaluju esinqunyiwe

Eziningana ezinkulu amayunithi lempi Wehrmacht owayezinikele amabutho amaZwe Asizanayo phambi Isivumelwano esasayinwa ku umaluju amaFascist egcwele. amaqembu German namabutho wazama ifohle iye ngasenkosini entshonalanga, hhayi ukulwa Russian. umyalo wabo wayeqaphela ukuthi impi isiphelile, nendawo yokukhosela ungathola, anikele eyisithunjwa BaseMelika British kuphela. Ikakhulukazi iqembu amabutho SS, ezazidume ngokutshala zonya eSoviet Union, babaleka Russian ngokushesha phambili. Icala lokuqala umaluju sabhalwa ngo-April 29, 1945 e-Italy. May amabutho aseSoviet the 2nd Unikelé ikampu Berlin, amabutho aseJalimane asolwandle ngoMeyi 4 eDenmark, Netherlands owayezinikele British, 5 Meyi, Army Iqembu "G" umaluju, engakafiki America Austria.

Incwadi yokuqala

Meyi 8, 1945 - kwalolu suku eYurophu ubhekwa Suku Ukunqoba phezu Fascism. Wayengafani ekhethwe ithuba, abameleli Iqiniso ngohulumeni omusha owakhiwe eJalimane ngemvume sokunikela ngo-May 7 futhi angene force on idokhumenti ngosuku olulandelayo ngineminyaka engu. Friedeburg Admiral njengengxenye ithimba German ufike ku Rhine, eyayisekelwe ekomkhulu Eisenhower uhlongoza Zinikeleni May 5, 1945. AmaNazi waqala behlise nge kubangane bawo ngaphansi kwemigomo ye idokhumenti, zizama ukuthenga isikhathi ukuletha amabutho amaningi futhi lezakhamuzi lokushumayela entshonalanga ye-front line, kuyilapho neze ukunithandazela imizamo angenze ibutho laseSoviet ohlangothini olungasempumalanga. Eisenhower umale ngokuphelele wonke ama-agumenti yama-Jalimane, ingabe ufuna izinto zenziwe a umaluju okugcwele kwemibandela eJalimane nokusayinwa idokhumenti yizo zonke izinhlangothi ukuba impi. Meyi 6, e Rhine babizwa abameleli nawo wonke amaviyo azihlanganisa. Ngo-Soviet umlando izincwadi azibonisi obhalisele nesenzo Zinikeleni eJalimane ngo-samuntu lokuqala, kodwa amagama la abantu abasinda ezazivela eSoviet Union - Jikelele Susloparov, kusukela amabutho angumfelandawonye oMfelandawonye - Jikelele Smith, evela eJalimane - Jikelele Jodl, Admiral Friedeburg.

Stalin

Ivan Alekseevich Susloparov wayeyilungu mission Soviet endlunkulu ye obambisene nabo, ngakho ngaphambi kokuba ufake isiginesha yakho ku idokhumenti zomlando, lidlule ulwazi eMoscow. Impendulo yavela ngasekupheleni, kodwa esikhundleni sakhe wesine kwakusho ukuthi kungenzeka ukuchibiyela inguqulo yasekuqaleni, futhi lokhu uStalin. Wafuna isitifiketi kabusha ukusayina, njengoba agumenti yezizathu ezilandelayo banikwa:

1. AmaNazi emva ukusayinwa sokunikela uyaqhubeka asebenzayo ukuzivikela ezempi ngezihluthu empumalanga.
2. Yena enamathiselwe kakhulu Stalin futhi lapho Zinikeleni German sasayinwa. Kuze kube yimanje, ngokombono wakhe, kuba ezifanele kuphela inhloko-dolobha isimo wanqoba.
3. Susloparov babengenalo igunya ukungena ngemvume kule dokhumenti.

I oMfelandawonye wavumelana Uveza umbono wakhe, kwaba kubi nakakhulu eqinisweni kwaba ukuphindaphindwa inqubo, okuyinto ayishintshi essence yayo.

I Zinikeleni Germany

Usuku kuciniswa inkontileka odlule belihlelelwe Meyi 8, 1945. Emahoreni angu-22 amaminithi 43 isikhathi kwi-nqubo YaseYurophu ngemvume sokunikela laqedwa iMoscow yayingenye kakade ngosuku olulandelayo. Yingakho EKUSENI ngo-May 9 phezu endaweni ye-USSR kwathiwa ekupheleni kwempi futhi ukunqotshwa okuphelele iJalimane lamaNazi. Eqinisweni, idokhumenti sasayinwa ngaphandle izinguquko eziphawulekayo emyalweni Soviet ke ngemvume Marshal Zhukov Georgy Konstantinovich, ngamabutho azihlanganisa - Marshal Arthur Tedder, evela eJalimane - umkhuzi wempi omkhulu Wehrmacht Wilhelm Keitel, uLieutenant General Stumpf Luftwaffe, Navy ADM Friedeburg. Njengoba ofakazi kwakubaluleke Jikelele Lattre de Tassigny (France), Jikelele Spaatz (USA).

ubutha

Amaqembu amaningi undlovukayiphikiswa Asiqaphelanga Zinikeleni futhi aqhubeka ukumelana amabutho aseSoviet (endaweni Austria neCzechoslovakia), benethemba lokuthola ifohle iye ngasenkosini entshonalanga futhi bazinikele oMfelandawonye. imizamo enjalo samiswa lapho kubhujiswa amabutho amaningi esitha, ngakho langempela ezempi Kwakuseshwa ku Eastern Front kuze May 19, 1945. amasosha angaba izigidi ezingu-1.5-German futhi ojenene 100 owayezinikele amabutho aseSoviet emva May 8. Inombolo ukushayisana olulodwa lalibalulekile, zihlakazeke isitha amandla ngokuvamile wamelana amasosha ethu, ngakho uhlu lababuleweyo le mpi esabekayo akugcini usuku Meyi 9. Isiphetho ukuthula phakathi kwamaqembu amakhulu ukuba impi lwenzeke ngesikhathi ukusayinwa "Zinikeleni Germany." Usuku ukuthi uzobuqeda ukuba nezingxoxo lempi, kuyofika e-June 1945. Ngaleso sikhathi, ke utawubhalwa futhi wasayina dokhumenti, okuyinto esekelwe post-yimpi ukulawula izwe isimiso.

ukunqoba

Levitan ememezela ukuphela kweMpi Enkulu Patriotic, Meyi 9, 1945. Lolu suku egubha umkhosi wokunqoba abantu lezizwe ezihlukahlukene Soviet phezu eJalimane lobuNazi. Bese-ke, futhi manje akunandaba ukuthi inombolo yiphi sasayinwa le Zinikeleni, 7 noma 8, into eyinhloko iqiniso ngemvume idokhumenti. Izizwe eziningi baye bahlupheka kule mpi, kodwa Russian uyohlale siziqhenye yokuthi kwakukhona ephukile yakhululwa ezweni labo futhi eYurophu. Ukunqoba kwakunzima, abiza izigidi eziningi zabantu, futhi kungumsebenzi zonke umuntu wanamuhla - ukuvimbela ukuphinda naleyo nhlekelele. Ukusayinwa isenzo umaluju kwemibandela eJalimane kwenzeke kabili, kodwa ukubaluleka kwale dokhumenti uhlukile.