Ibhodi Prince Ivan Kalita. Ivan Kalita: Phakathi nokubusa

izinqubomgomo amakhulu esichotho emlandweni sibonga ibhizinisi labo, hhayi isidlaliso, kodwa labo, kanye idatha uzifanekisela avumele inzalo ukuhlola ubukhulu umuntu umbusi. isidlaliso sakhe Kalita Ivan Danilovich wathola phakathi nokuphila we wokupha oboniswe phofu. Kalita - isikhumba isikhwama, esikhwameni. E-Moscow emazweni ezahlala legend mayelana nendlela Prince esabalalisa zesiliva, okuyinto wakhipha isikhwama lesikhumba elenga ibhande. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ungahawukelanga imali, wathengela lo ubukhulu elingumakhelwane, ngokuzikhandla emazweni amasha priraschivaya. Umuntu emangalisayo ithalente zamanxusa, ehlakaniphile futhi ophanayo, wasisebenzisa kahle futhi ezinzima, united sezwe ziningi Russian futhi wasungula uhulumeni eMoscow - kungcono Grand UMbusi eMoscow, Ivan Kalita, iminyaka okubusa kwakhe - kusukela 1325 kuya 1340 Namuhla sikhuluma kuyoba.

A ayeyinzalo ka Aleksandra Nevskogo

Imibhalo musa ukugcina idatha olunembile ngesikhathi kokuzalwa Ivan Danilovich: mlando ziqondiswa enkathini esukela ku-1282 eminyakeni 1283. Wayeyindodana wesine eMoscow Prince Daniel Alexandrovich omsa Aleksandra Nevskogo. Ngokusho imithetho sikhathi indodana wesine babengenalo ithemba lokuthola okwesikhathi sobukhosi kwesikhulu, kodwa Kwavela ukuthi kwathatha igama Ivan mina Kalita. Ababusi Russia ngokuvamile sesikhundleni zomphakathi ngokungalindelekile.

Indlela yesihlalo sobukhosi

Lapho kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala Ivan Danilovich e le Novgorod Chronicle ngomhla ngonyaka 1296 ngenxa ukubukeka kwakhe emzini. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu weshumi nane wabusa Pereslavl-Zaleski, futhi ngempumelelo basophula e belwa Tver boyars Akinfiev e 1305.

Ngo 1303, kwashona ubaba wakhe Ivan Daniil Aleksandrovich, nesihlalo sakhe sobukhosi kwesikhulu sihamba nomfowabo omdala Yuri, owabusa inhlabathi eMoscow nge 1303 eminyakeni 1325. Sonke lesi sikhathi Ivan uye walungiselela basekela ukuze Yuri. Ngokuvamile abathintekayo emikhankasweni waya Golden zidlamlilo Yuri Danilovich ne nenhliziyo ezolile ushiye ubukhulu, okwakubekelwa zinakekelwa kahle Ivan Kalita. Phakathi nokubusa ka Yuri Danilovich - ne 1303 i 1325 Ngalesi sikhathi, ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene nabanye abazalwane wabulala Ivan Kalita, futhi uma bendawonye ezandleni zidlamlilo Tver isikhulu uyafa Yury eMoscow, kufika wokubusa Ivana Kality.

Ukuqala wokubusa

Kwakuyinkathi ezinzima. Zidlamlilo Amandla wakaGadi ukuba sihlanganisa lonke izwe laseRussia. Futhi ngesikhathi sokubusa kuka yileso naleso wagomela ku zidlamlilo. Lapho uJohane Danilovich wathatha isihlalo sobukhosi, waphoqwa ukuya Golden zidlamlilo. Kube likhanya ngamandla alo wabonisa amakhono akhe amakhulu zamanxusa. Wakwazi ukuxoxisana AmaTatar waphana ngezipho iyigugu kakhulu ukwedlula wafuna ukuba khona elinokuthula nelilondekile elivikelwe Muscovy kusukela kuphangwa we AmaTatar, okubangela izinkinga makhulu.

Ngalezo zinsuku, ukuthula nokuzola babe cishe akunakwenzeka. Phela, uma iphethwe yi- pay inkokhiso omkhulu ukuba nesikhathi ukuqeda lwesiTatar kuphangwa, omakhelwane - Izikhulu - kungaba yilo umkhankaso omusha. Moscow izikhulu njalo Ancintisana Tver. Futhi Tver ubekade osesimweni esingcono kunani eMoscow. Wama phezu iVolga, futhi lakhula ukuhweba ocebile unyaka ngamunye ezingasho ukunqoba emazweni Russian. Kuyaqondakala-Ivan Danilovich Kalita. ukubusa Iminyaka bamfundise isineke zisebenzisa olwehlayo amathuba, ngisho edabukisayo.

Ingxenye e uhambo ingajezisa ngokumelene Tver nasemiphumeleni yaso

Yini eyenzeka ngo-Agasti 1327 Tver kuvukela ngokumelene AmaTatar, tverichey akhathazeke, liphendulile inkambo yomlando ohlangothini oluhlukile. Umphumela yokuvukela ethandwa kwaba ukubhujiswa okuphelele kwalelizwe lwesiTatar isikaniso phezu zidlamlilo akakwazanga ukumsiza kodwa aphendule. Futhi 1328 walaliswa ofakelwe uhambo ingajezisa ngokumelene Tver, lapho izikhulu eziningi, kuhlanganise Ivan Kalita, iminyaka okubusa kwakhe kwakuseyisiqalo nje. Wayengeke bengalaleli, nazibona nokucindezela Tver amandla esizayo we Muscovite isimo. Ngemva kokunqotshwa Tver isinqumo sakhe Prince Alexander wabalekela Pskov. Ivan Kalita kusukela Uzbek Khan wangena kwelifa loonyana ubukhulu ka Kostroma kanye amandla wokulawula Novgorod Omkhulu.

Ngemva kokufa isikhulu Suzdal e 1331 iNkosana eMoscow wenza kusukela Khan Uzbek ilebula (imvume) ye-Grand Duchy of Vladimir futhi abe ngumholi sonke isimiso sezombangazwe e Eastern Russia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Ivan Danilovich, okubonisa ikhono oluvelele, bebancenga Khan ukuba bekangaziwa sivumelwano: 1 Ivan Uzbek bayalelwe ukuthi uqoqe izintela esuka kubantu esenana isithembiso hhayi ahlasele futhi wathumela Baskakov. Zombili izinhlangothi baye wagcina izithembiso zabo, imise amaTartar aphange umhlaba isiRashiya, engesabi ulaka we Uzbek futhi Kalita inkokhelo egcwele intela kusungulwa.

izindaba zangaphakathi

IziKronike ngalezo zikhathi khazimulisa wokubusa Prince Ivana Danilovicha Kality: sizongena ne zidlamlilo, eye lokho kuthatha isikhathi eside sokuthula nokuzola, ngesikhathi lapho kwenziwe imisebenzi eminingana emikhulu, neqhaza ukuqinisa kakhulu amandla eMoscow.

Kuthethe iminyaka ematjhumi amane uthule kwakunikelwa ngendawo nenhlabathi Russian Ivan Danilovich. Kuze kube 1368 izwe eMoscow kwakungelona kugasela olulodwa. Indlela ukukwenza? Prince kwenziwe ngaphambi zidlamlilo zonke izibopho zayo: wayevame uncome, wenza izipho ezingenakubalwa Khan, ngezikhathi beza kuye.

Ivan Kalita: Phakathi nokubusa

On umbuzo kanjani ukuqoqa enjalo izindodla zemali, akukho impendulo eyodwa. Noma kunjalo, kuyaziwa ukuthi ekuqaleni kokubusa kwakhe, isikhulu wakwazi ukusula endleleni esuka abaphangi nabaphangi, chinivshih kubo ihlazo, okuyiwona wathola isidlaliso yesibili - Good, futhi salethwa abathengisi eMoscow yayishaya, okwandisa imisebenzi ngesivinini kanye namasiko.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, siqaphela ukuthi ababusi bendawo eyabiwe ingxenye enkulu inkokhiso eqoqwe, Ivan Danilovich wasebenzisa izindlela ezinesihluku iqoqo yayo egcwele, futhi bajeziswa thieving umbusi Akabonisanga isihe abaphikisi babo.

Ivan Danilovich wenze nohambo kaningana oluya enyakatho Russian, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho iveza esinye umthombo engenayo - ukudoba noboya. Lezi izindlela ezingase ziphumelele, futhi wamvumela ukuba ibalwa ngokugcwele asigcini nje ngokulalela okushiwoyo Golden zidlamlilo, kodwa futhi ukuba benze izinguquko ezinkulu kule ubukhulu.

Moscow - inhlokodolobha yeSonto Russian

Ivan Danilovich wawungelona nje uhide zenkolo, wayeqiniseka ka wedwa sibonga ngokongamela kaNkulunkulu, futhi abalwa usizo lokusekelwa Metropolitan e ukuqala kokusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo zabo ukuhlanganisa amazwe Russian kanye nokuqiniswa uMbuso eMoscow. Ukunakekela mayelana ukuphepha ubukhulu, Ivan Danilovich kuphakamisa kwesihlahla se-okhi entsha ezibiyele, esivikela enkabeni yedolobha futhi batshala. On endaweni ezibiyele kusukela eminyakeni 1326 kuya 1333, wakha ezinhle emathempelini itshe: Arkhangelsk, uMsindisi futhi kweNyuka Cathedral, iChurch of Ioanna Lestvichnika futhi Church of the isimo.

Enye impumelelo ebalulekile eMoscow mpi bayizikhulu ngenjongo supremacy emazweni Russian we Northeast kuba umfelandawonye umnyango wedolobha, okuyinto wethulwa ngaphezulu Yuri Danilovich.

Mhlawumbe yilesi wokwakha grand ukuthonywa isinqumo Metropolitan uPetru ukuhlela isikhathi sokuhlala kwakhe eMoscow. Kwaphela iminyaka eminingana ayekufuna umhlaba ofanele le njongo. Ngo 1326 Metropolitan uPetru wafa wangcwatshwa eMoscow. Kamuva, njengoba isikhulu uVladimir, Ivan Danilovich olwenze nokunxusa uPetru wehlelwe yini.

IBhodi kanye umsebenzi Ivan Kalita

Ngokusekelwe ngentshiseko Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia futhi afeze umgomo abanekhono kokuhlanganisa emazweni isiRashiya, Ivan 1 wathenga noma iwine ubukhulu entsha, kokushiya izinso kwamandla ezandleni izikhulu zendawo, kwathatha isimo amasekela kwesikhulu eMoscow. Lemakhono ekukwati kufundza nekubhala ezingokomoya Dmitry Donskoi, umzukulu Ivan Danilovich eboniswe kokujoyina emazweni eMoscow uthenge ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene Uglich, galich futhi Merskogo Beloozero.

Nzima Ivan Danilovich kuye kwadingeka njalo ubuhlobo nge Tver. Ngemva kwavukelwa zeminyaka 1337 kuya 1327 imithetho yayo sasivumela Konstantin abaqotho, kodwa wabe esebuyela Tver Prince-ekudingisweni, yona kuxolelwe Khan Uzbek, u-Alexander. Eqaphela ukuthi ngxabano iyaqala futhi, Ivan Danilovich waya zidlamlilo, wasinikeza Khan izipho uphefumulela kuye Alexander wayedlala umdlalo double, enkonzweni Lithuania. Ngakwelinye isikhulu Tver futhi ugobe, kodwa uwina Kalita, futhi 1339 ku zidlamlilo Khan Uzbek ababulawa kuye kanye nendodana yakhe uTheodore. Yena kabuhlungu izitha zakhe, Ivan Kalita 1. Phakathi nokubusa kwaqondana isigelekeqe esinonya futhi kunzima, ngakho eyadlalwa imithetho yakhe.

Ukuhlolwa ababephila ngesikhathi uNobhala abakhulu

Kwakuwusuku impumelelo lokugcina Ivan Danilovich. Entwasahlobo ka-1340 lapho wagula wabangwa nezibi, wathatha umhlalaphansi futhi waqala izifungo Izigodlo ku Spassky Monastery eyakha eduze sokuhlala kwakhe. Kube Esehlale izinyanga zakhe bokugcina bokuphila kwakhe futhi washona ngo-March 1341.

Inezinga lesikhumbuzo aphakeme tetemibhalo, ebhalwe omunye izindela. Ibizwa ngokuthi "Dumisani Ivan Kalita", lapho izenzo eyaziswa kakhulu nezenzo "Gatherer bezwe Russian", okuyinto isikhulu Ivan Kalita, biography, izinqubomgomo ibhodi kanye nezifiso okuyinto babeboshelwe umgomo ofanayo yizicukuthwane - ukudala isimo eMoscow.