Mirror owasungula? Umlando kwesibuko. Ngiyiphi inarha lapha yasungulwa nesibuko?

Mirrors ngokuvamile yakhiwa ingilazi esesikhundleni enamathela lembhali. Zisetshenziswa hhayi kuphela ekhaya kuphela kodwa nasemsebenzini, futhi ebalulekile amathuluzi amaningi isayensi, njengalokho izibonakude, imishini ezimbonini, video amakhamera kanye lasers. Abantu kuqala wabona ukubonakaliswa wakhe emanzini amaxhaphozi, creeks, ebusweni emfuleni, okuyinto eyaba esibukweni lokuqala - ngakho waqala ngomlando wabo eside.

Mirror Umlando Yezwe Lasendulo

Izibuko bokuqala yokufakelwa abangu iphucuziwe lwengilazi black itshe wentaba-mlilo - obsidian - okuyinto iphathwa njengoba umbuthano. Ezinye amasampula izibuko ezifana eziye zatholakala e-Turkey. ubudala babo ubizwa ngokuthi 6000 BC.

Ngiyiphi inarha lapha yasungulwa nesibuko? I reflectors bokuqala ezenziwe umuntu ngesimo izingcezu obsidian ophucuziwe etholakale Anatolia - Turkey yesimanje. Abantu baseGibhithe lasendulo esetshenziswa ukwenziwa izibuko ngethusi eliphucuziwe reverse ehlotshiswe umhlobiso. Izakhamuzi lasendulo Naharayimi njengoba kwenza ophucuziwe metal izibuko kanye evele lembhali zamatshe iphucuziwe uvele eMelika Ephakathi neseNingizimu ngoba ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane ezimbili eminyakeni BC. e. Ngo inqubo ukuvela isihloko evamile namuhla yahanjelwa wonke impucuko.

Lapho yasungulwa nesibuko? Ngiyiphi inarha lapha? Kukholakala ukuthi kukhiqizwe ingilazi metal-wasekela, bona bavela okokuqala neSidoni Lebanese e ekhulwini lokuqala leminyaka AD. Eyokuqala ingilazi izibuko enziwa AD mina, amaRoma - kusukela ingilazi kushaywa umthofu substrates. Glass reflectors okokuqala kwenziwa e lesithathu AD leminyaka.

Ukusungulwa kwe ingilazi ohlabayo indlela ekhulwini XIV, kwaholela ekutholakaleni izibuko convex, elibuye anda udumo lwawo.

Stone Mirror Central America

Le nsiza uthathwa njengomunye wezinye zobuciko engokwenkolo obaluleke kakhulu esikweni eyaziwa iMelika Ephakathi. Ngiyiphi inarha lapha yasungulwa nesibuko? Phakathi namakhulu eminyaka futhi zeminyaka isiko eMelika Ephakathi zaseMesoamerica atholwe amasiko athile futhi emikhosini engokwenkolo maqondana evele khomba. Omunye izinkolelo ezivame kakhulu, njengoba kujayezwe amaMaya,-Aztec futhi Tarascan - kuzoba ukuthi nezibuko kukhona inthanethi ukuxhumana onkulunkulu namabutho otherworldly.

Kuyinto isiko izinkolelo ekuseni lasendulo namanje uyazicabangela iyiphi indawo abushelelezi amanzi yithuluzi elinamandla yokubhula. Mirrors, waqala ngalezo zinsuku e zaseMesoamerica, okokuqala kwenziwa kusukela ehlukahlukene yocezu olulodwa nsimbi, okuyinto iphucuziwe ukuze ngezinga eliphezulu reflectivity. Kamuva, kwakukhona ezinye izinto, futhi imikhiqizo emikhulu futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi. Omunye ethandwa kakhulu zakudala isiko Mesoamerican amasampula - pyrite izibuko KaMose ezazisemizini ukusetshenziswa ububanzi emzini odumile Teotihuacan.

China: izibuko zethusi

Lapho yasungulwa nesibuko? Ngiyiphi inarha lapha? Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo ngokucacile nzima impela. Umlando izibuko ukumboza zokugcina 8000 kweminyaka yentuthuko yesimanje, kodwa omunye abameleli ebaluleke kakhulu i-accessory ye ajwayelekile ngakho namuhla babe reflectors Chinese nethusi, ukubukeka lokuqala okungokwendlela 2900 BC. e.

Ngiyiphi inarha lapha yasungulwa nesibuko? EChina reflectors eyenziwe metallic Alloys, Izingxube tin nethusi, ngokuthi esibukweni metal okuyinto ophucuziwe ngokuphelele futhi kwadingeka kakhulu ebusweni lembhali kanye nethusi ophucuziwe. Reflectors ezenziwe metal Alloys noma izinsimbi eziyigugu babebhekwa njengabantu izinto eziwusizo kakhulu endulo yayimane nje litholakale mkhulu kakhulu.

Kodwa amaGibhithe ngokushesha asuswe ukusuka zethusi ezinye izinto - a obsidian emihle, elisetshenziswa 4000 BC. e., selenite emihle, nethusi Alloys ahlukahlukene. China waqala ukukhiqizwa izibuko, usebenzisa mercury ziyinhlanganisela ngisho 500 AD, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo sathuthuka ubuciko impahla ngethusi. Baqhubeka ukusetshenziswa ngokuphelele kwaze kwaba sekhulwini XVII-XIX, lapho abahloli bamazwe Western alethwe esibukweni yesimanje ukuze lizwe.

Mirror okunethezeka Venice

Esikhathini esiyiminyaka ephakathi, ingilazi esibukweni kusele ngokuphelele. Ngalezo zinsuku, izinkolo wamemezela ukuthi udeveli ubheka umhlaba kusukela esesayidini ebusweni khomba. Lezi zintokazi lophuyile zisebenzisa metal evele iphucuziwe noma esikhundleni sawo nezitsha esikhethekile amanzi. esibukweni Glass emuva ukubonwa ngekhulu XIII. Kwakukhona ubuchwepheshe wezandla yokukhiqiza wale mikhiqizo eNetherlands. Khona-ke - ku Flanders and German waseNuremberg, lapho isitshalo yokuqala ukwenziwa izibuko ezifana kwahlelwa 1373.

Lapho yasungulwa nesibuko? Ngiyiphi inarha lapha? Ngakho, zisuka nje futhi angakhulumi. Ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe etholakalayo master glaziers wathela tin hot in the okugeza ingilazi, bese, lapho ithini kuphole, behlukanisa laba izicucu ehlukile. John Peckham, ilungu le-oda Franciscan, ezichazwe 1279, le ndlela, kodwa nesibuko enjalo yasungulwa enye - Indaba neze ukukhumbula. amakhosi Venetian owasungula le "inqubo kwesibuko flat" Ngemva kwamakhulu eminyaka amathathu kuphela. Bathola ngendlela ukunamathisela ithini ebusweni flat we ingilazi. Ngo 1407 baseVenice, Danzan del Gallo bazalwane, wathenga lobunikazi evela amakhosi lase futhi Venice labetibambile ayitholwa lapho kuvezwa oncomekayo izibuko Venetian nengxenye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkosi kakade wadala ekhethekile sibonakalisa ingxube lapho igolide kanye nethusi eliningi elingenakulinganiswa, kwanezelwa. Ngenxa-ke, zonke izinto kubonakala esibukweni wabheka kuhle kunokukhanya empeleni. Izindleko kwesibuko Venetian lalikhona ngaleso sikhathi uma kuqhathaniswa ne izindleko wempi enkulu. Phakathi Renaissance eYurophu reflectors bakhiwe lokunameka ingilazi nge ithini mercury ziyinhlanganisela. Ngekhulu leshumi nesithupha Venice laba isikhungo ukwenziwa izibuko enjalo. Imboni nokuwakhiqiza ngaphansi kwegama Saint-Gobain yasungulwa eFrance.

Mayelana izibuko nezimfihlakalo eRussia

ERussia izibuko babebhekwa njengabangakufanelekeli okusungulile diabolical. Ngo 1666, iSonto Lobu-Orthodox usezivalile ukusetshenziswa kwabo abapristi. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, kwaba khona eningi yenkolelo ngokumelene izibuko. Namuhla, abaningi babo babonakala engenangqondo ukuzikhohlisa kithi, kodwa abantu wakuthatha ngokungathi sína ngempela lokhu. Broken esibukweni, isibonelo, kwakuzoba uphawu lokuthi amashwa iminyaka eyisikhombisa. Yingakho-ke sinqamukile noma omunye sephulwe lokuqala waxolisa engakhululekile kanjani, bese kwadingeka ukuba ngingcwabe izingcezu ngokuvumelana nawo wonke amasiko. Olunamagama nama mascots esetshenziswa ukubonisa ukufa. Kwakuvamise ukuba umkhuba ovamile yonkhe evele lembhali lapho wayeshone umuntu endlini. Kukholakala ukuthi ngeke sivumele umphefumulo nenhlalakahle oshonile sibhajwe omunye izibuko, uSathane.

Idivayisi lokuqala sibonakalisa eJalimane

Edolobheni eNuremberg (eJalimane) e 1373 walingisa ifektri wokuqala wavulwa. Lezi sekeli ziye ngenkuthalo lisetshenziswe yonke imikhakha yempilo. A Isibuko ekhulwini XVI lokuba ingxenye oluyimfihlakalo imicikilisho yokusebenzelana ezingaqondakali nokuthakatha.

Ubani owasungula nesibuko? Izwe eJalimane? ngo-1835 godu Justus von Liebig, wemithi German ezahlela zesiliva ingilazi reflectors, lapho ungqimba metal elincanyana imali kwi ingilazi usebenzisa ukuncipha chemical ye-nitrate esiliva. Lokhu okusungulile avunyelwe ukwenza imikhiqizo enjalo ngezinga elingaphezu kwalokho elikhulu kakhulu, futhi ngokokuqala ngqa emlandweni zabantu abavamile engathenga esibukweni. Ngiyiphi inarha lapha yasungulwa nesibuko? Wikipedia ekutshela kuphela mayelana amaqiniso omlando. Singagcina ngokubu- ukuqhathanisa.

isicelo Covert

Kwaphela amakhulu amabili eminyaka, izakhiwo reflex isicelo izinhloli ezivela eSpain France ukuze ukuyiqonda nokuyikhumbula emagama ukuxhumana okuyimfihlo. Lolu hlelo imfihlo esephepheni yasungulwa ngekhulu le-15, uLeonardo da Vinci. Le miBhalo ziye okubhalwe ku "mirror isithombe", ngakho ngaphandle surface enjalo asikwazanga ukufunda umyalezo. Mirrors kukhona enye ingxenye enkulu kokusungulwa ngesikhathi - a periscope. Kungenzeka inconspicuously unake isitha ngokusebenzisa isimiso uxhumana sibonakalisa lens kusindisa ukuphila ngesikhathi sempi siye saba. Esikhathini Engamashumi Amathathu neMpi izibuko yasetshenziswa ukuze aphuphuthekise isitha phakathi kuveza elwa okukhulu kwelanga. Kwakunzima kakhulu ukuthatha aim lapho amehlo baphuphuthekiswe izinkulungwane reflectors amancane.

Mirrors wenze nohambo olude bedabula indaba. Namuhla akunakwenzeka ukuthola umuzi ongenalo kule nto elula. Baye eside kusukela yingxenye isimiso kwansuku, ngokuvamile phansi. Kumelwe ngaso sonke isikhathi sihloniphe izici ekuthuthukiseni zomlando kwesibuko futhi bazise Amazing ukubaluleka yobuhle ukubonakaliswa kwayo siqu.