Empire Bulgarian: umlando nesenzakalo

Engxenyeni esempumalanga ye iNhlonhlo Yamazwe AseBalkan kuyinto Republic of Bulgaria, aphethwe indlela ziningi futhi zaba nzima ekuthuthukisweni yayo, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho izigaba yentuthuko ezombusazwe nezamasiko lezinkathi alternated yokwehla. Ezemfundo Bulgarian Kingdom nomlando wayo okwalandela baba isihloko lesi sihloko.

Ukudalwa umbuso wokuqala Emazweni AseBalkan

Izigaba main of the umlando wombuso Bulgarian zingahlukaniswa zibe izinkathi ezintathu ezingafani. Abantu bokuqala kudume ingxenye enkulu ye iNhlonhlo Yamazwe AseBalkan ngonyaka 681 BC. e., baba baseBulgaria, ehlanganisa abameleli bezizwe Turkic, kusukela ngekhulu IV owakhiwe oLwandle Olumnyama emaqeleni kuze kube elaliphansi kwamagquma North eCaucasus. Kwangena abanye Slavic nezizwana kwakunenqaba yabaseThrace. uhulumeni ezakhiwe ehlela umlando njengoba Okokuqala Bulgarian Empire, wadonsa kwaze kwaba 1018, lapho zawa ngaphansi ukuhlaselwa yoMbuso WaseByzantium.

Inkathi lalichumile enkulu ubhekwa wokubusa Tsar uSimeyoni mina Elikhulu, okwaqala ngo-893 unyaka 927. Lapho-ke inhloko-dolobha Okokuqala Bulgarian Kingdom, kuyinto iminyaka engu 893 emzini Pliska, futhi kamuva iyiswe Preslav, kwakungeyona kuphela esikhulu zayo zezentengiselwano nezombusazwe, kodwa futhi udlale indima ibhuloho united izizwe eziningi Slavic.

Sokuthuthwa kwempahla Lokuqala Bulgarian Kingdom

Phakathi nokubusa bakaSimon mina imingcele isimo sakhe ihlanganisa ingxenye enkulu yeminyaka eNhlonhlweni Yamazwe AseBalkan, batfole nezilwandle ezintathu - i-Black, Aegean futhi i-Adriatic. Ngokwe Byzantinist ngobukhulu yesimanje - isazi French Lokudabuka ngesiGreki Eleni Arveler - kwaba umbuso wokuqala owasungulwa endaweni bakhona, ephethwe kuleyo minyaka yoMbuso WaseByzantium.

Empire Okokuqala Bulgarian wathola ukubonga abayinzalo ukuthi ngokuyinhloko nomthelela imfundo yobuqaba izizwe Slavic ngu-Orthodox. Kukulo muzi lapho phakathi nokubusa the zenzisa King Boris mina (852-889 GG.), The odumile kamuva abagcotshwa, kwakukhona zamagama lokuqala Slavic, kwabe waya nokubhala eMpumalanga Yurophu.

Ukuwa kwe-isimo ngaphansi kwengcindezi of Byzantium

Kuwo wonke umlando we Okokuqala Bulgarian Kingdom lalilokhu isimo sezombangazwe sashuba phakathi ababusi baso nababusi waseByzantium, ingxenye kabani indawo wahlaselwa yesiqalo ephathelene nokudabuka-baseBulgaria ngonyaka 681. Ngokuvamile, wakhula waba izibhelu ahlomile, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ibe full-scale impi. Ngemva uchungechunge ubudlova evulekile benziwa ababusi baseByzantium Nikiforom Fokoy, John Tzimiskes futhi Vasily III, umbuso wokuqala Bulgarian wawa, akakwazanga ukumelana nokuhlaselwa umakhelwane baningi ngokwengeziwe futhi ibe namandla ngokwengeziwe.

Ukuze ezisekhona ezikhumbuzo emangalisayo enkulu yaleso sikhathi, walondoloza ikakhulukazi izihloko ezimbili uthi lasendulo - Pliska futhi Preslav. Eyokuqala wabo wayedume lenqaba yalo - inqaba, awasalayo ezingafinyeleleki emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka. Ngisho nanamuhla ungabona izinsalela kwezindonga zamatshe nxazonke, ukushuba zazo okufinyelele amamitha amabili, futhi ezinde ngenhla kubo olubaluleke ezinhlanu-emhlanjini.

Ukuvuselelwa Kwama-Bulgarian Kingdom

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa on kanjani futhi nini kwakukhona umbuso yesibili Bulgarian, izazi-mlando kukhona umbono ocacile kakhulu. umthetho WaseByzantium emazweni aseBalkan yaphela kwavukelwa Kwagqashuka 1185 ngaphansi kobuholi uTheodore-Peter nabafowabo Assen futhi Kaloyan. Ngenxa yalokho we wekuba sive ezimele sasesisiliswa, abaholi amavukelambuso aya phansi emlandweni ngaphansi kwegama eseNkosi uPeter IV nokubambisana umbusi wakhe Ivan Asen I. baye wadala umbuso Okwesibili Bulgarian wadonsa kwaze kwaba ngu 1422 futhi ngendlela efanayo njengoba kuqala, emva ukumelana eside zigoqiwe ngaphansi ukumelana abahlaseli. Abati abuqede ukuzimela yoMbuso WaseTurkey.

Izwe usenkingeni

Umlando zombuso Bulgarian kwalesi sikhathi lalibonisa nenhlekelele zomlando kwamehlela abantu abaningi ngaleso sikhathi - ayehlasela ayimizulane izizwe amaMongol. Lokhu amashwa kwamehlela izwe, lapho, emva kokufa eseNkosi uPeter IV nomfowabo, kwaba ngamandla ababusi ababuthakathaka futhi bengelutho, okwabangela ukulahlekelwa nethonya emazweni aseBalkan. Ngenxa yalokho, esikhathini eside, Bulgaria waphoqeleka ukuba ngincome zidlamlilo.

usizi lwakhe nobuthakathaka sobala kwakungafanele kancane ukusizakala omakhelwane, ngubani ashaqe ingxenye ezindaweni phambilini obuwaziwa okuqondene umbuso Bulgarian. Ngakho, eMakedoniya nase yaseThrace North waphinde wayiyisa eByzantium, kuyilapho Belgrade wathandwa abantu baseHungary. Kancane kancane kwaba walahleka Wallachia. State ekuphileni kwabantu ngezinga elingakaze balahlekelwa amandla yayo yangaphambili, ukuthi ngesikhathi esisodwa indodana lwesiTatar khan Nagoya wayeyinkosi yakhe.

Ukuphela wokuzibusa ekuqaleni ijoka Turkish

Nokho, abenza ukuwa lokugcina isimo esisodwa-ezinamandla yaba Ottoman abaseTurkey, ngubani owaqala ekhulwini XIV ukwenza kuphangwa elonakalisayo eNhlonhlweni Yamazwe AseBalkan, ngesikhathi omunye lapho inhloko-dolobha yombuso Bulgarian ukuthi baphanga kwaleyo nkathi - edolobheni Tyrnov, lidlule ngokuphelele ngaphansi kokulawula abahlaseli e 1393.

Esinye sezizathu ngoba ukunqotshwa umbuso Bulgarian baba komzamo ukwakha umfelandawonye emazweni aseduze, futhi esongelwa bamba. Ikakhulukazi amagxathu asebenzayo abe-Turks esefile e 1371 isiBulgaria Korol Ivan Alexander IV, ngubani wakwazi ukulondoloza ubuhlobo obunokuthula kubo.

Umphumela Kwakudabukisa: uchungechunge ukunqotshwa, ezaqala ngo-1371 ne behluliwe Battle of Maritsa River futhi yaphela udwendwe okunqobayo enhlonhlweni Balkan ka Sultan Bayezid mina, kwaholela ekulahlekelweni isimo Bulgarian wokuzibusa lezombusazwe eside kwamakhulu amahlanu eminyaka, abantu baye baba umlando njengoba isikhathi kokubusa Turkish.

Dala zokugcina ohlanga Bulgarian

Kingdom of Bulgaria yasungulwa ngo-1908 ngenxa isimemezelo uzibuse isimo kusukela kakhulu buthaka ngesikhathi yoMbuso WaseTurkey. Sibambe nkinga, i-baseBulgaria wakwazi ukuphonsa ejokeni eminyaka ubudala futhi wamisa i-ohlanga ngokomthethosisekelo ezimele, inhloko elalimi Korol uFerdinand I. Omunye izenzo zakhe kuqala Inqubomgomo kwaba ekuthatheni futhi ukunamathela Bulgarian Kingdom East laseRomania wesifundazwe kuze kube manje ezizimele Turkish.

Insimu Bulgaria uye washintsha abalulekile ngesikhathi ezimbili ezimpini Balkan kulandele enye ngemva kwenye ngesikhathi kusukela ngo-1912 kuya ku-1913. Ngenxa yalokho, eyokuqala uFerdinand ngakwazi sokusukuma futhi babiza nsimu enkulu State of yaseThrace, kanye nokuhlinzeka kundawo Aegean Sea. Esikhathini yesibili impumelelo lempi useshintshe baseBulgaria, futhi ezinye izindawo ngaphambili matasa isiphumile lokulawula yabo.

Phakathi kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, Bulgaria yaba phakathi kwamazwe we Entente, futhi ngaleyo ndlela angcoliswa ngisho yena uvukela izithakazelo zezwe Slavic. Isizathu salokhu kwaba isifiso uFerdinand usebenzisa umfelandawonye eJalimane, e-Austria-Hungary futhi isitha sakhe yamuva - Turkey, exhunywe State ngakho ayesifuna ngabomvu izwe labo eMakedoniya. Nokho, lokhu adventure iphelile ngesikhathi ehlulwa lempi Bulgaria futhi abdication yakhe ophoqelelwe.

iqhaza wezwe eMpini Yezwe II futhi ekupheleni ohlanga

IMpi Yezwe II Bulgaria waqala ngokuhlinzekwa yokuzithandela insimu yalo ukusingatha amabutho aseJalimane. Lokhu kwalandelwa ukubusa yayo umfelandawonye lempi eJalimane, e-Italy ne-Japani. Ngenxa yalokho kwakunguNk ezempi nalezi amazwe Bulgaria possessed eside coast Aegean, eyayihlanganisa ingxenye insimu ka Western yaseThrace futhi Vardar eMakedoniya.

Emlandweni seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili sekuyinto ikhasi okuyihlazo ukwesaba, akhiwa kohlanga, ongaqaqiwe umsebenzi Bulgarian amasosha edolobheni yesiGreki Drama, iningi kabani labantu babedabuka Turkish. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ngo-1941 kwi insimu amaqembu ukumelana Bulgaria adume babekhona, abalwé amaNazi. abagqugquzeli yabo kanye nabaholi abangabomkhaya, elalilisha ngalesosikhathi in the komhlaba the isiBulgaria Communist Party. Ngezenzo zabo, baye benza umnikelo obalulekile buthakathaka amabutho Third Reich.

A isimemezelo esisemthethweni empini, uhulumeni eBulgaria neSoviet Union babezithiba ubutha akazange athathe. Ngisho nalapho, ngo-September 1944, uStalin iqale impi ngo-kubo, ke ayibangelwa ibutho Bulgarian, okuyinto olunezinombolo ngaleso sikhathi abantu abayingxenye yesigidi nokuzabalazela asebenzayo. Kwagqashuka ekuqaleni kuka-September kokubhikisha kwango-anti-undlovukayiphikiswa, ihlelwe yi- "wobaba Front", yaphela kokubusa uhulumeni pro-isiJalimane, futhi umphumela waba ukuthi uhulumeni omusha wamemezela ukubusa Bulgaria kuya anti-Hitler womanyano.

Kwamakhosi eBulgaria lashabalala Septhemba 8, 1946. Yena bathule nabuhlungu wakhala republic okuyiwona ezathi inhlolovo iningi labantu.