Ancient China: icebo. I eminingi yasendulo futhi ezibalulekile ezisunguliwe Chinese

Kwimakethe kunzima ukuthola imikhiqizo hhayi oluqanjwe e-China. Cishe konke sisebenzisa, wenze e China. Lapha futhi abantu abanamakhono okusebenza kodwa ishibhile kuka kwamanye amazwe, futhi-ke abantu bangathola beveza okungukuthi, lokho akekho omunye hhayi angenza. Amathoyizi engcono ethandwa kakhulu baze amaShayina, ezintsha zasendlini, futhi, yazalwa ngo-China. Kafushane, ngisho esikhathini esidlule ezijulile, isimo wayaziwa nje impumelelo yayo lobuchwepheshe kanye nezinye. Okwatholwa nokwasungulwa China lasendulo kwaba yisisekelo ukukhiqizwa yesimanje futhi waba sibonelo kwabaningi owaziwa namuhla, konke kuwo wonke umuntu.

zobumba ifa

Imikhiqizo kusukela china kakhulu baziswa emhlabeni wonke. Yiba ekhaya izitsha ezifana - kusho ukubonisa abanye owuthandayo lihle. Bhekani ningethuki, ngokuba ayaziswa izinga yabo olungenakuqhathaniswa nobuhle emangalisayo. Lihunyushwe kwelesiHeberu elithi izwi Persian "zobumba" kusho "inkosi". Futhi ngakho kuba. Esikhathini XIII leminyaka in zobumba European kusuka China kuyinto ukubaluleka Amazing. Umuntu njengomuntu onethonya elikhulu kakhulu izindlu zabo zengcebo egcinwe amasampuli Ceramic art Chinese, wayakha ohlakeni egolide. Kanti zonke izakhamuzi zakule Iran neNdiya ziye uqiniseke ukuthi china sinikezwe amathuba imilingo: uma ukudla washelela ushevu, izoshintsha umbala waso. Ngakho, lo mshini edume kunazo zonke, eyenziwe China lasendulo, kungenzeka ukuqagela, china.

Ngenkulungwane yesibili BC. e. (Tang isikhathi) ubonakala zobumba, ongowenani ngomlando nangamagugu obuciko. Kamuva ngabo umsuka protofarfor abangenalo mhlophe alandisa izinto obala. Kodwa-Chinese ukholwa ukuthi lokhu Izinto zobumba kweqiniso, kuyilapho a baxgeki Western baxhumanisa lokho idwala elikhulu.

China Lasendulo (kokusungulwa omunye uthi endala okubangelwa futhi namanje zibangele okuningi isithakazelo) akuniké umhlaba matte yangempela zobumba emhlophe. Ekuqaleni VII leminyaka, ababumbi kusuka China bafunda indlela ukukhiqiza zobumba mass ngokuxuba kaolin, feldspar futhi Silica. Phakathi nokubusa lwamakhosi Iculo khona le zezimbali Chinese ukukhiqizwa sobumba.

Ukubukeka yensimbi

Kakade ekhulwini IV. BC. e. e China ke lalaziwa yensimbi sokuncibilikisa ubuchwepheshe. Esikhathini esifanayo, noma mhlawumbe ngisho ngaphambili, amaShayina usuqalile ukusebenzisa amalahle, okuyinto enikeziwe lokushisa eliphezulu njengoba nophethiloli. Kuyinto kule wombuso, njengoba China lasendulo (izimpumelelo ezisunguliwe bachazwa ku-athikili yethu), indlela elandelayo ngokukhiqiza ingulube yensimbi yasungulwa: in the inengxubevange ezime njengesitebhisi ipayipi, kushe savela nsimbi. Sami umthamo namalahle obkladyvali, bazishisa. Lobu buchwepheshe waqinisekisa ukungabi nesibabule.

Sakaza yensimbi esetshenziswa ngokukhiqiza imimese, amashizolo, amageja ngoba amageja, izimbazo kanye namanye amathuluzi. Le nto ayizange bangafuni, futhi enkulu ekwakhekeni amathoyizi. Ngenxa yensimbi sokuncibilikisa yayo ubuchwepheshe, amaShayina yabalingisi okuzikhulula nezinkamba enezindonga umncane kakhulu.

Deeper, ezijulile

Kuleso simo, efana China lasendulo, impumelelo kanye ezisunguliwe okuyinto kabanzi kuze kube yilolu suku, yasungulwa indlela imishini ezijulile. It okwenzeka ekhulwini lokuqala BC. Khuphukela ngendlela kwenza ukuba bayamba izimbobo emhlabathini, ukujula zazo safinyelela eyodwa nengxenye ayizinkulungwane amamitha. Drilling yokumba, esetshenziswa namuhla, abasebenza efanayo simiso ukuthi kusungulwe yamaShayina yasendulo. Kodwa ngalezo zinsuku umbhoshongo ukuzizuzela ithuluzi ifinyelela amamitha 60 ukuphakama. Abasebenzi phakathi insimu ezidingekayo isiqondiso ithuluzi zamatshe embondelene ne izimbobo. Namuhla, le njongo asetshenziswa amashubhu mhlahlandlela.

Khona-ke, usebenzisa intambo eyenziwe Hemp kanye bamboo eziveza izakhiwo, inkosi ukukhulisa njalo futhi kunciphise namathuba yensimbi sokuprakthiza. Lokhu kwakwenziwa kuze kube manje kufika ukujula edingekayo, lapho itholakala ungqimba Igesi yemvelo. kamuva wakhe wasebenzisa njengoba uphethiloli ukukhiqizwa usawoti.

Ngasenyakatho noma empumalanga

Can uhlu olude kokusungulwa China lasendulo. Compass Kuhle kokusho wokuqala zabo ezinhlanu. Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, amaShayina bayasazi ukuthi ukhona uzibuthe. Ngo Article III. BC. e. abakhileyo Ephakathi Kingdom, yabe seyaziwa ukuthi angakwazi ukuheha yensimbi. Kusese njalo bazi ukuthi le nto uyakwazi abonisa uhlangothi kukhona eningizimu nasenyakatho. Kucatshangwa ukuthi ngesikhathi esifanayo ke yasungulwa nekhampasi kuqala. Nokho, wabe olufana spoon enozibuthe kwakugxile axis awo siqu futhi ibekwe maphakathi kudivayisi, afana sokumelela ngokhuni noma ithusi. A kuhlukane line apharathasi kusho ohlangothini ukukhanya. Spoon njalo zazibhekisela eningizimu. idivayisi kwakubizwa ngokuthi "spoon, olawula izwe."

Ngo XI leminyaka esikhundleni baqala ukusebenzisa uzibuthe Chinese yensimbi uzibuthe noma steel. Ngalesi sikhathi, zithandwa kakhulu futhi kwadingeka ikhampasi amanzi. China Lasendulo, kokusungulwa ngempela eliyingqayizivele futhi akumangalisi, - esimeni lapho leli thuluzi esetshenziswa kanje: In isitsha ngamanzi yehliselwa uzibuthe steel inaliti. Kwakuthinta kwenziwe ngesimo izinhlanzi kanye sifinyelela amasentimitha ayisithupha ubude. sibalo ikhanda ekhombe nje ngaseningizimu. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinhlanzi wanqotshwa ukulungiswa futhi isibe abavamile ikhampasi inaliti.

stirrups

abantu Horse-ugibele beqale bahlanganyele kudala. Kwaphela isikhathi eside babehamba ngamahhashi ngaphandle footrest. I stirrups awazange ngaleso sikhathi noma abaseBabiloni noma amaMede, futhi amaGreki noma nezinye izizwe zasendulo. Lapho ushayela abantu okusheshayo kwadingeka sinamathele mane zehhashi, ukuze singathwesi iwe. Kodwa ezisunguliwe olukhulu eChina yasendulo ngeke ukugqoka isihloko ehlonishwa kangaka, uma ngempela kwakungafanele athole. Ngekhulu III Chinese yasungulwa ukugwema ngokuphazamisa ezinjalo. Ngaleso sikhathi, babebhekwa metallurgists emangalisayo abanamakhono, futhi ngenxa yalokho ukubumba i stirrups baqala ukusebenzisa ngensimbi nangethusi. Ngeshwa, engafakwanga Igama lomuntu owasungula le nto. Kodwa e China baye bafunda ukuphonsa stirrups metal, futhi ayebambelele ukuma esiphelele.

Uma kwakungekho ephepheni

China Lasendulo, kokusungulwa okuyinto bafanelwe inhlonipho, kwavula inkathi entsha ekuthuthukiseni yencwadi. AmaShayina ephethwe baziqambela iphepha nowokunyathelisa. Ematheksthi eminingi yasendulo-hieroglyphic esukela emuva ngonyaka 3200, ubunjalo BC. e. Ngesikhathi Six Dynasties e China wavulwa lithography. Umbhalo wokuqala kwangqongqoza itshe, bese wenza umbono ephepheni. Esikhathini VIII ekhulwini BC, esikhundleni itshe baqala ukusebenzisa ephepheni. Ngakho kwaba khona umbhalo kanye isitayela seshidi.

Ngokusho yetinsita umsunguli we iphepha baba Cai Lun - inceku isigodlo zombusi. Waphila phakathi Eastern Han BakwaHan. zomlando sisho futhi ukuthi iphepha okwenza Cai esetshenziswa emagxolweni izihlahla, amanetha okudoba kanye zidwedwe. Lokhu lapha ukudalwa umthumeli uvezwa kuKesari. Njengoba Iphepha siqine ukuphila kwesintu isibe ngemfanelo esisemqoka ukhona.

usilika Chinese

Sekungamakhulu amaningi eminyaka, emazweni Western wayazi China kuphela njengoba nje inkampani kasilika. Esimeni zasendulo ngokwedlulele, abakhileyo Empire Celestial possessed izimfihlo yokwenza lokhu okubalulekile emangalisayo. Si Lin, umbusi unkosikazi Huang Di, wafundisa amantombazane Chinese sikhule amacimbi, usilika ukucutshungulwa kanye ukwelukwa ka lokuluhlaza etholwe ndaba.

Ukusungulwa edume kakhulu

Uhlu onesihloko esithi "Inventions of China izakhamizi sidilizwa" kuyohlale kuntula uma ngingenaye kukhulunywa into enjalo, njengo neziqhumane. Ngisho ekhulwini lokuqala AD alchemy kusuka China ngafunda ukuthola inhlanganisela isibabule nitrate, okuyinto kanye ilahle luyisisekelo ifomula amakhemikhali powder. Ukutholakala kwaleli qiniso kwaba kancane kuyindida. Futhi sonke ngoba Chinese zazizama ukuyicindezela ukuba ketshezi lapho kungenzeka ukuba sifinyelele ukungafi. Esikhundleni salokho, ziye wadala into esusa umphefumulo.

Umsizi yasetshenziselwa actuate ezihlakaleni ngezinhloso ezifuywayo. Nokho, impi zicacile kodwa lokho impilo enokuthula? Yini ukusetshenziswa wenziwe into okunjalo okuyingozi? It kuvela ukuthi lapho kugqashuka iphutha noma ukuthi isifo (ubhubhane), neziqhumane abadlale indima magciwane. Powder iphathwa ezihlukahlukene izilonda namanxeba emzimbeni. Wabuye ezingelwa izinambuzane.

ezintsha ezimbalwa nje

Ancient China (okusungulile ezichazwe ngenhla) futhi inama ngaphezulu nezinye ukuvuleka. Ngokwesibonelo, kuba abakhileyo Ephakathi Kingdom yasungulwa iziqhumane, ngaphandle okuyinto namuhla aluphumeleli umcimbi omkhulu. Seismoscope siqala China lasendulo. Abathandwa itiye gourmets abaningi bafunda indlela yokutshala bese upheka kuleli zwe. Futhi nanso CROSSBOW, a iwashi eliwayindwayo, ihhashi amahanisi, igeja nensimbi kanye nezinye izinto eziningi eziwusizo.