Iminyaka Yenguquko. izici Jikelele Yenguquko

isikhathi Epochal emlandweni isiko emhlabeni, okuyinto kwandulelwe ezikhathini zanamuhla futhi salandelwa Ephakathi, awunika igama lokuthi Yempucuko, noma imvuselelo. umlando Era iphindela ukuntwela ngekhulu le-14 e-Italy. emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka kungenziwa kwachazwa ngokuthi ngesikhathi kumiswa entsha, abantu kanye umbono eMhlabeni zomhlaba, esesikhundleni abazalwa wokuziphilisa. imibono Progressive ehlanganiswe izimiso eziqondene nezidingo zomuntu.

Iminyaka Yenguquko kanye nomqondo

Beka isikhathi ifreyimu ethize kunzima anele lesi simanga emlandweni empucukweni yomhlaba. Lokhu kuchazwe iqiniso lokuthi ngesikhathi Renaissance, wonke amazwe aseYurophu baye bahlanganyela ngezikhathi ezehlukene. Ezinye ngaphambili, ezinye kamuva, ngenxa lag ku intuthuko yezenhlalo nezomnotho. izinsuku cishe kungenziwa ngokuthi ekuqaleni 14 futhi ekupheleni kwekhulu le-16. Iminyaka Yenguquko zinezikhathi inkulumo mayelana nesimo wokuziphilisa amasiko humanization bayo, zezimbali isithakazelo eminyakeni eminingi edlule. Nge yokugcina ngenhlanhla lihlotshaniswa igama le nkathi. Kukhona imvuselelo zesiko lasendulo, kusebenta kwaso emhlabeni European.

izici Jikelele Yenguquko

Lokhu ingqophamlando ekuthuthukiseni ka mpilo esintu kwaba umphumela ushintsho emphakathini European nobudlelwano kuwo. Indima ebalulekile udlalwa ukuwa woMbuso WaseByzantium, lapho izakhamuzi zalo zibalekile ngobuningi eYurophu, ngokuletha nalo ube umtapo wezincwadi, usebenza yobuciko, kwimithombo ehlukahlukene lasendulo, ezazingaziwa. Ukwandisa inani amadolobha kwenza nasekuqiniseni ithonya amakilasi ajwayelekile ababazi, abathengisi, abaphathi bebhange. Ngezenzo kwaqala ukuvela izikhungo ezahlukene yobuciko nesayensi, imisebenzi ibandla ayisaxhunyanisiwe elawulwa.

Iminyaka yokuqala the Renaissance wenza ukubala okuhlaselayo yayo e-Italy, kuba le ukunyakaza waqala kulelizwe. izimpawu kokuqala kwaba ebonakalayo ekhulwini 13-14, kodwa isikhundla namandla kwathatha ngekhulu le-15 (umnyaka wema-20), ukufinyelela ukuthuthukiswa esiphezulu iyophela nokuphela. Esikhathini Renaissance (noma abuyiselwe) ihlukaniswe izinkathi emine. Ake sixoxe ngokuningiliziwe.

Protorenessans

Le nkathi sihlehlela kusukela mayelana kwesigamu 13-14 nekhulu lesibili. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi zonke izinsuku eziphathelene Italy. Eqinisweni, le nkathi limelela esigabeni wokulungiselela the Renaissance. It kunemibandela zingahlukaniswa izigaba ezimbili: ngaphambi nangemva kokufa kwakhe (1137) Giotto di Bondone (ebaziwe esesithombeni), a uyisihluthulelo emlandweni art Western, wezakhiwo futhi umculi.

Eminyakeni yokugcina Yempucuko kwesikhathi ezihlobene nalolubhubhane zezinhlupho okushayile Italy futhi yonke iYurophu iyonke. Protorenessans lihlotshaniswa Ephakathi, Gothic, Romanesque, amasiko WaseByzantium. Oqavile ubhekwa ngu Giotto, ngubani uchazele ikhomishana ngokutshalwa Amathrendi eyinhloko imidwebo, waveza indlela lapho ukuthuthukiswa yayo usephendukele olwengeziwe.

Ekuqaleni kwawo-Renaissance

Wathi eqambe wathatha engamashumi ayisishiyagalombili. Isikhathi ekuseni Yenguquko, izimpawu eminyakeni embalwa kakhulu ngezindlela ezimbili, okwenzeka ngo-1420-1500 GG. Art ayizange sazilahla ngokuphelele amasiko zangenkathi ephakathi, kodwa ngenkuthalo unezela izakhi lathathwa endulo classical. Thanda kuyanda unyaka nonyaka bedle ekushintsheni nemibandela imvelo nomphakathi, kukhona ukwehluleka okuphelele abaculi kusukela ubudala futhi kwathatha wakudala njengoba umqondo core.

Ngukhokho kwenkathi Ngasekuqaleni Renaissance ubhekwa umdwebi Masaccio, owayevela Florence. Ukulanda imibono amandulela he fikisa emsebenzini wakhe cishe palpable Umumo sculptural ku-canvas.

Inkathi High Renaissance

Kuyinto esivelele, esiqongweni Yempucuko. Kulesi sigaba ngeNkathi Yenguquko (iminyaka 1500-1527) ifinyelele emvuthwandaba walo, futhi enkabeni ithonya art Italian uye wathuthela kusukela Florence eRoma. Kwathi ngokuqondene ukubusa yesihlalo sobukhosi sobupapa uJulius II, njengoba ayephethe intuthuko, ukubukeka ngokugqamile, wayeyindoda engumthengisi zokuhaha. Wancika edolobheni okuphakade abaculi umhlabeleli kanye Okugweda abavela kulo lonke elase-Italy. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi imidondoshiya wangempela Renaissance wadala yobuciko zabo, lapho umhlaba wonke abantu bayazithanda namhlanje.

Late Renaissance

Ihlanganisa inkathi isikhathi kusuka 1530 kuya eminyakeni 1590-1620. Ukuthuthukiswa amasiko zobuciko ngale nkathi heterogeneous ngakho futhi ezihlukahlukene ukuthi ngisho izazi-mlando azikholelwa uyinciphise zifana. Ngokusho ososayensi baseBrithani ekugcineni Renaissance ucime ngesikhathi lapho kwakukhona ukuwa waseRoma, okungukuthi 1527. Southern Europe wangena shí esikhathini neNkathi Yokumelana Nenguquko, eye ukubeka ngokuthi "isiphambano" kunoma iyiphi abathanda ifilosofi, kuhlanganise novuko lukaJesu ngamasiko asendulo.

Inkinga yokungabi imibono kuwukuphikisana ezweni balibheka kanjani ngenxa e Florence kuholele banomkhuba. Isitayela lapho elichaza artificiality nokungezwani, ukulahlekelwa ibhalansi phakathi ingxenye engqondweni nasemzimbeni Renaissance esingokwemvelo. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Venice ke beyiba ukuthuthukiswa komgwaqo yayo khona kuze kube sekupheleni 1570s kuhlanganisiwe amakhosi ezifana Titian futhi Palladio. Umsebenzi wabo uhlale kude esibucayi, isici art baseRoma nasemasontweni Florence. Isithombe ngendwangu Titian "U-Isabella yasePortugal."

Amakhosi amakhulu Yenguquko

Ezintathu ezinkulu Italian - ke titans the Renaissance, kuwufanele yayo umqhele:

1. ULeonardo da Vinci. Personality emlandweni wesintu Kuyakhazimula ngempela futhi eyingqayizivele. Kodwa yena wayengekho kuphela komdwebi omkhulu futhi umqophi wemifanekiso, kodwa futhi usosayensi, isazi semvelo, umsunguli umbhali and umklami. Abaphila Besikhathi njengemiphumela kungokwenduduzo izithombe ezimbalwa, kuhlanganise edume Mona Lisa Mona Lisa (osesithombeni) ezaziwayo, i-enigma ukuthi izazi zesayensi azikuqondi beat ekhulwini lokuqala.
2. Michelangelo Buonarroti. Neminyaka yokuphila, lokusungula - 1475-1564. Okokuqala, ukuthi njengoba umqophi wemifanekiso umdwebi ezaziwayo. Futhi lokuqala ubuso bayo evelele kakhulu futhi kubonakala ngisho imidwebo. umsebenzi wakhe oyinhloko kwakuwukushumayela eRoma futhi Florence. Wayeyisazi Michelangelo abonakaliswa ngokugcwele lapho yokudweba eSistine Chapel, okuyinto wamlingisa kwendaba waseBhayibhelini, futhi ubonisa izingcezu 300, futhi alukho olunjengalo omunye. Futhi Umfanekiso "The Last Judgment", Ensemble of esigcawini Capitol, Dome of the Council Vatican, esifanekisweni kaDavide, ukwakheka "Pieta" (ngenhla) kanye nokunye okuningi.
3. Rafael uSanti. Enye ubuntu lokukwazi Yempucuko. Uthisha wakhe kwaba P.Perudzhino uyise, okuyinhloko. Yilokho isitayela sakhe bubonakala ngokucacile imisebenzi nkathi yakuqala. I ephelele kakhulu yomsebenzi wakhe ubhekwa le eSistine Madonna (esesithombeni).

Zonke imikhiqizo yabo - nansi best, amaparele amahle isibili yobuciko zezwe, ezihlala isikhashana bahlangana Renaissance. kudlule iminyaka, esikhundleni ekhulwini, kodwa imisebenzi amakhosi amakhulu - ngesikhathi.