Umlando igil: usuku siqalo, zohulumeni

Islamist group amaphekula LIH ochwepheshe abaningi abakubheka njengomklamo usongo main emhlabeni namuhla. Le nhlangano kwavela njengoba yeseli ehlukile "al-Qaeda ', kodwa ke waba amandla ezimele ngokugcwele. Manje-ke iyona enkulu kunazo zonke nhlangano amaphekula emhlabeni. igil Umlando Sizoxoxa yokutadisha kwethu.

Isizinda LIH

Okokuqala, ake sibone ukuthi yini ebangela ukuvela LIH, siyini isizinda lasungulwa. Ukuze wenze lokhu, sizoba ukubheka engu-90 leminyaka elidlule.

Ngesikhathi iqembu impande, okuyinto kamuva siguqulelwa LIH, kwakungu-Abu Musab al-Zarqawi. Wazalelwa 1966, lapho esemusha, walwa ibutho laseSoviet e Afghanistan. Ngemva kokubuyela e-Jordan bazibandakanya emsebenzini owodwa owenziwe ukulwa nombuso ekhona ezweni, kusukela ngo-1992, ibilokhu iminyaka eyisikhombisa ejele.

Ngo-1999, ngokushesha ngemva kokukhululwa kwakhe, al-Zakravi esungulwe Islamist inhlangano Salafi iphiko, okuyinto bamukela igama "ubudlelwane phakathi kokukodwa nokuningi futhi Jihad". Injongo yokuqala baleli qembu ukuba agumbuqele asebukhosini e Jordan, okuyinto, ngokusho al-Zakravi, olwenziwa izinqubomgomo anti-Islamic. Lokho le nhlangano kwaba yini isisekelo okwakhelwa kuso ukwakha "isimo" LIH esikhathini esizayo.

Ngemva kokuqala ukusebenza American e-Iraq ngo-2001, abameleli inhlangano "ubudlelwane phakathi kokukodwa nokuningi futhi Jihad" umkhankaso umsebenzi wayo ensimini yezwe. Kukholakala ukuthi u-al-Zarqawi isibe ngalesi sikhathi omunye abagqugquzeli kanye namanye amaqembu ezinkulu "Ansar al-Islam." Wenza ikakhulukazi Kurdistan Iraq futhi izifunda Sunni Iraq. It kubhekwa umholi esisemthethweni Faraj Ahmad Nazhmuddinov, etholakala ejele Norwegian nemisebenzi zokuphatha lapho "Ansar al-Islam." Kusukela ngo-2003 kuya ku-2008 iqembu bamukela igama "Jamaat Ansar al-Sunna", kodwa wabe esebuyela igama layo esidlule. Emva kokuhlinzwa amabutho azihlanganisa e-Iraq ngo-2003, abaningi fighters zayo zahlangana inhlangano "ubudlelwane phakathi kokukodwa nokuningi futhi Jihad". Okwamanje, "Ansar al-Islam" ingenye umbimbi main igil.

Ubumbano lwezinhlangano ne "Al-Qaeda '

Kwakungemva kokugumbuqelwa umholi Iraq Saddam Hussein ngo-2003, le nhlangano "ubudlelwane phakathi kokukodwa nokuningi futhi Jihad" ngokuqinile abathuthela kule lizwe. Wayeziqhuba uchungechunge ephezulu iphrofayela kwamaphekula, uphawu chip steel nge nokubulawa zomphakathi ngokunqunywa. Kamuva le siko olunegazi, owawungumnyaka injongo ukusabisa, bamukela yindlalifa inhlangano "ubudlelwane phakathi kokukodwa nokuningi futhi Jihad" - Ukubuthelela LIH. "Ubudlelwane phakathi kokukodwa nokuningi futhi Jihad" isibe amandla main emelene nohulumeni e-Iraq, ogama Inhloso kwaba lokuketula uhulumeni wesikhashana, ukubhujiswa abasekeli Shiite, kanye kumiswa i state amaSulumane.

Ngo-2004, i-al-Zarqawi wanika isifungo sokwethembeka umholi we sika emhlabeni ngobukhulu ngesikhathi Islamic ziyingozi inhlangano "Al Qaeda" Osama bin Laden. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, iqembu "ubudlelwane phakathi kokukodwa nokuningi futhi Jihad" yase yaziwa ngokuthi "al-Qaeda e-Iraq." Umlando igil kusukela ngaleso sikhathi uye wenza round esisha.

iqembu Bayanda eholwa al-Zarqawi waqala ukusebenzisa izindlela amaphekula hhayi ezempi US, futhi Iraqis - ikakhulukazi Shiites. Lokhu kwabangela ukwehla ukuthandwa "al-Qaeda e-Iraq" phakathi bendawo. Ukubuyela izilinganiso babuye bahlanganise amandla ukumelana ngokumelene zokusebenzisana 2006, Zarqawi wahlela "umhlangano wokubonisana we mujahideen", ehlanganisa, ngaphezu "Al Qaeda", omunye amaqembu 7 ezinkulu Islamist Sunni.

Kodwa ngo-June 2006, i-al-Zarqawi wabulawa ngenxa ukuqhuma kwamabhomu ngu izindiza American. Waba umholi omusha wenhlangano, Abu Ayyub al-Masri.

I Islamic State ngo Iraq

Ngemva nokuqedwa Zarqawi indaba igil futhi washintsha isiqondiso sayo. Ngalesi sikhathi, kukhona ekwephuleni ne "Al-Qaeda."

Ngo-October 2006, i- "shura oPhethe mujahideen," wamemezela ukuhlonywa kwe-Islamic State of Iraq (ISI), futhi ukwenza kanjalo bebodwa, ngaphandle kokulinda ukuba kwemvume "Al-Qaeda 'ubuholi. Kodwa kwaba khona okunjengokungathi okwamanje kude ikhefu ephelele ne inhlangano yamaphekula.

Inhloko-dolobha ye kulesi "simo" ezamenyezelwa edolobheni Iraq Baquba. Okokuqala kwaba le Emir Abu-Omar al-Baghdadi, esikhathini esidlule lapho siyazi kuphela ukuthi kuyinto isakhamuzi of Iraq owayeyinhloko "mujahideen shura Council." Ngo-2010, wabulawa Tikrit ngemuva kwesiteleka missile amabutho US-Iraq. Ngawo lowo nyaka wabulawa nomholi "al-Qaeda e-Iraq," Abu Ayyub al-Masri, obuye uthathwa njengomunye wezinye abaholi ISI.

New ISI Emir waba umhlali Iraq, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, ngaphambili eziqukethwe ekamu lokuhlushwa American esolwa Abashisekeli. Umholi "al-Qaeda e-Iraq" iba compatriot yakhe Abu Suleiman al-Naser. Ngesikhathi esifanayo wamiswa umeluleki wezempi IGI, futhi ngo-2014 waba yomkhandlu lempi the state amaSulumane.

Ezemfundo LIH

Izehlo igil njengenhlangano, njengoba sesibonile, sihlehlela emuva ngaphezulu eyishumi yokuqala ngekhulu xxi, kodwa igama langempela uvele kuphela ngo-Ephreli 2013th, lapho ISI enwetshiwe imisebenzi yayo eSiriya, okungukuthi, emazweni Levant. Ngakho-ke LIH futhi imele - Islamic State of Iraq kanye Levant. Igama le nhlangano ngo ukuguqulwa Arabic - Daishev. LIH cishe ngokushesha, waqala imisebenzi asebenzayo endaweni yaseSiriya, uqalile ukuheha bomlilo abaningi ngokwengeziwe namanye amaqembu Islamist. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le nhlangano yaqala zithuthelekela namabutho ka-EU, US, eRussia nakwamanye amazwe.

Syria wasibekela kulo ngezihluthu impi yombango yokulawula phakathi kwamabutho kahulumeni kaMengameli Assad kanye nenombolo ye amaqembu emelene nohulumeni ezihlukahlukene. Ngakho-ke, i-LIH yaseSiriya kalula ukwazi ukulawula ezindaweni eziningi ezweni. Ikakhulukazi sebebe nempumelelo ekuhlinzeni le nhlangano ngo-2013-2014. Inhlokodolobha yasuka Baquba e umuzi waseSiriya, Ar Raqqah.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo igil endaweni ifinyelele ukunwetshwa esiphezulu futhi e-Iraq. Iqembu ukuthola ukulawula cishe wonke esifundazweni Anbar, kanye imizi ebalulekile Tikrit futhi Mosul ngesikhathi ukuvukela kwabantu uhulumeni Shiite Iraq.

Ukuhamba kokugcina kusukela "Al-Qaeda '

Ekuqaleni, igama elithi "umbuso" LIH wayezama ukwenza umbimbi namanye kumavukelambuso e Syria ngokumelene Assad umbuso, kodwa ngo-January 2014 sangena evulekile zinqobe main ukuphikiswa amandla - eFree Army yaseSiriya.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi kwenzeka azihlukanisa unomphela igil "Al-Qaeda." ubuholi zokugcina waphoqelela IG ulilethele fighters kusuka Syria futhi wabuyela e-Iraq. iqembu kuphela "Al-Nusra Front" omele yedwa "Al Qaeda 'e Syria akufanele enze le nto. Kwaba esona ngokusemthethweni wayemelele ngamazwe nhlangano amaphekula kuleli zwe. LIH wenqaba ihambisane nezidingo ukuphathwa "-al-Qaeda." Ngenxa yalokho, ngo-February 2014, "Al-Qaeda" kusho ke akuhlangene ne LIH futhi azikwazi ukulawula inhlangano futhi ngezenzo zayo.

Ngokushesha ngemva lokulwa zenzeka phakathi amasosha Daishev futhi "Al-Nusra Front."

Ukumenyezelwa sompristi

igil Umlando kuthatha isikali ehluke ngokuphelele, ngemva ukumenyezelwa kwezindaba sompristi. Kwathi ekupheleni kuka-June 2014. Ngakho, le nhlangano yaqala akusebenzi kubantu kuphela ubuholi esifundeni, futhi igunya zomhlaba Islamic, enombono esungula sompristi emhlabeni wonke. Ngemva kwalokho seyaziwa ngokuthi nje "isimo Islamic" (IG) ngaphandle ecacisa endaweni ethize. Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi wathatha isihloko Umbusi wamaSulumane.

Ukumenyezelwa sompristi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, waba negalelo ngisho oluqinisayo enkulu imvume IG sika emehlweni ezizivelelayo eziningi Muslim, okwaholela ukwanda ukugeleza amasosha abafisa ukujoyina iqembu. Kodwa ngakolunye uhlangothi, yavusa i ukwanda elikhulu nakakhulu lapho ephikisana nezinye izinhlangano Islamist ukuthi asifuni ukwamukela igunya we IG.

Ukusebenza umbimbi zimelane IG

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, umphakathi wamazwe omhlaba sekwande ukuqaphela izingozi ezibangelwa Islamic State ngoba endaweni LIH aqhubeka kancane kancane ukwandisa.

Kusukela maphakathi nawo-2014 e-United States baqala ukunikeza ngqo usizo lwebutho Government of Iraq ukubhekana ne IG. Kamuva ngabo wangenela ingxabano, Turkey, e-Australia, eFrance, eJalimane. Baye njalo kwenziwe IG amasosha indawo bombardment phakathi 2014-2015, kokubili e-Iraq nasesimweni sokungasokwa yaseSiriya.

Kusukela ngo-September 2015 ngesicelo uhulumeni yaseSiriya ekulweni IG baqala ukulamukela ukuzibandakanya Russian. umoya wayo amandla futhi waqala ehlasela indawo emaqenjini ziyingozi. Nokho, ukuze sifinyelele esivumelwaneni nokudidiyela izenzo phakathi Russia nase-umfelandawonye amazwe aseNtshonalanga, ngenxa yenani eziphikisanayo, ihlulekile.

usizo lempi akuxhomekile ngamazwe nomthelela insimu igil e-Iraq yehlile kakhulu. Futhi liye okwesikhashana fighters okuhlukumezayo Syria, wakwazi ziyakwenyanyisa kubo eziningi ezidinga ukhiye. Walimala kakhulu inhloko IG Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi.

Kodwa ukukhuluma ngokunqoba umfelandawonye ka-Islamic State namanje ekuseni khulu.

Ukusabalalisa kwe-IG

Le nkundla eyinhloko Islamic State of senzo insimu ka-Iraq, eSiriya. Kodwa inhlangano enwetshiwe usithonye ukuba kwamanye amazwe. LIH ilawula ngokuqondile insimu e Libya naseLebanon. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Iqembu lakamuva waqala ngenkuthalo usebenza e-Afghanistan, ukuqasha ezikhundleni zawo abasekeli wangaphambilini we "Taliban". Abaholi balezi Nigerian iqembu amaphekula Islamist "Boko Haram" wakhala isifungo sokwethembeka kuya Umbusi of Islamic State kanye indawo, okuyinto ilawulwa inhlangano, waziwa ngokuthi esifundazweni i-IG. Ngaphezu kwalokho, IG inamagatsha eGibhithe, ePhilippines, Yemen nezinye izinto eziningi zikahulumeni.

Abaholi balezi state Islamic isimangalo ukulawula phezu zonke izakhiwo ngaleso sikhathi Arab sompristi kanye uMbuso WaseTurkey, okuyinto bazibheka njengabangaphansi izindlalifa.

Isakhiwo senhlangano ye isimo Islamic

State Islamic zohulumeni kusengathiwa ohlanga engokwasezulwini. I Umbusi wamaSulumane iyona inhloko yezwe. Umzimba ukuthi has umsebenzi zokweluleka, ebizwa ngokuthi shura. Ministries kukhona analogue Intelligence Council, iseluleko ezempi kanye zomthetho, wetemphilo, nokunye. D. inhlangano siqukethe sebuningini amaseli emazweni amaningi ukuthi abe ukuzimela kuqhathaniswa oqinile ukuphathwa.

Insimu amangalelwe ngohlelo le IG, ihlukaniswe yaba 37 Wezifundazwe (amayunithi nezokuphatha).

amathemba

Islamic State kuyinto ngokulinganiswa ayemncane njengoba inhlangano yamaphekula, elithengiswa phezu Earth ngesivinini esikhulu. Uthi ubukhosi hhayi kuphela eMpumalanga Ephakathi, kodwa futhi emhlabeni Muslim. Phakathi zalo ongenela inani elandayo labantu olukhulu. izindlela IG emzabalazweni sinesihluku kakhulu.

Misa kusengaphambili okunye lenhlangano ungakwazi kuphela wokuzimisela futhi isenzo ngesikhathi esifanele umphakathi wamazwe omhlaba.