Sompristi Arab

Arab sompristi kwaba isimo engokwasezulwini Muslim, esadaleka ngenxa ukunqoba kuka amaSulumane oholwa Umbusi wamaSulumane ku VII-IX eminyaka. Laba abayingxenye ebalulekile yokuqala idalwe ngesimo imiphakathi uMprofethi Muhammad in entshonalanga ye-Arabhiya e-Hijaz ekhulwini VII. Umphumela Ukunqoba eziningi Muslim kwaba ukudalwa isimo enkulu, ehlanganisa i eNhlonhlweni ye-Arabhiya, e-Iran nase-Iraq. Uma sibheka ukwakheka kwazo wayo kwaba ingxenye enkulu eCaucasus and Asia Ephakathi. Lalihlanganisa futhi ezweni laseGibhithe, eNyakatho ye-Afrika, eSiriya nasePalestina, ihlanganisa ingxenye enkulu yeNhlonhlo Yase-Iberia futhi nezinye izifundazwe ezine Pakistan - ezweni Sindh. Ngakho olubanzi kwaba isimo Arab sompristi. Umlando indalo yayo ixhunyaniswe ithonya nabanye abaholi (abazolandela noma amasekela).

Phakathi Arab sompristi kwavela ukuqhakaza bamasiko amaSulumane nesayensi, kwaba i-Golden Age ka-Islam. It yasungulwa eminyakeni 632. Cabanga kuqala okuqinisekile 4 khalifs ababe "inqamula". Arab sompristi zazihlanganisa nababusi ezilandelayo: Abu Bakr (wokubusa kwakhe wawuqala 632 634), Umar (634-644 g), Uthman, owayebusa engu-12 ezayo (by 656), Ali (656 ka 661) futhi ukubusa Ukuqhubeka Umayyad lwamakhosi, obabukhona 661 iminyaka engu-750.

Lo mbuso, owabunjwa eminyakeni engaphansi kuka 100, ngokusho lingakanani Udlule wamaRoma. Ngemva kokufa Muhammad kwakungamadodana preconditions ngoba nokwahlukana yayo nokudilizwa kwemizi impumelelo Islam, okuyinto eyatholakala sibonga kuye. Ngemva kokufa kwakhe, cishe lonke elase-Arabhiya uye lasuka le nkolelo, ngaphandle kwaba Mecca Medina futhi Taif.

The Prophet akazange ashiye uyindlalifa eyamlandela esikhundleni impikiswano kwaqubuka phakathi Medintsev kanye Meccans. Umbusi wamaSulumane u-ngemva kwezingxoxo kwaphoqa Abu Bakr, owakwazi ubuyele Arab sompristi Islam futhi yahlukana Arabia. Ngemva nokucindezela kuvukela-Arabhu, uMuhammad Bakr baqhubeka inqubomgomo futhi wahola impi ngokumelene Iran nempahla WaseByzantium. Ekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe, wayala Arabia, eBhabhiloni, Syria, eMesophothamiya, entshonalanga Iran, Barco, Egypt futhi Tripoli.

Usman iwine Cyprus, empumalanga Iran, endaweni eCarthage, ekwandiseni Arab sompristi. Ngenxa yempi yombango-Arabhu, iphakame mayelana nesigameko sokubulawa Uthman, awabange esaba khona, kwezinye izindawo umngcele.

Ali ubulawe ngesikhathi "esigodlweni Icebo lika", kanye Umayyads athatha izintambo. Lapho esimweni, elithatha uhulumeni kuqokwa, ogxilile ohlanga sitholwa njengefa.

Kokunqotshwa nabanye abaholi kuqala saphumelela ngenxa yobuthakathaka labamelene, njengoba kwakungekho muntu kuqhathaniswa Arabhu. Umphakathi wendawo ngenxa yenzondo amaGreki ngokuvamile uqobo ebizwa futhi wasiza ama-Arabhu. AmaGreki akabonaze abavumele ukuba anqobe -Asia Minor naseConstantinople-Arabhu kwavele lesion.

Ngo emazweni ayenqotshiwe, okuyinto ukusakaza Arab sompristi, indaba echaza isitayela uhulumeni lapho Umar njengoba nenkani Church. Lapho Uthman wavunyelwa ukuba siqu emazweni Arab wasinqoba lesosizwe badonseleka umsebenzi kulendawo. uhlamvu sezenkolo zashintsha lapho kusungulwa Umayyads. Besonto umphakathi ongokwenkolo, eholwa Umholi kwezikamoya, lutho iye yashintshwa yaba amandla wokuziphilisa kanye nezombusazwe.

Okulandelayo Abbasid lwamakhosi lugujwa njengoba despotic, olunegazi futhi ihambisane nesimo unya nabangenaluthando. Abantu wafakaza ubuzenzisi perfidy ukuvela surreptitiously, ngesimo ekujezisweni ngokumelene izakhamuzi abangalawuleki. Lokhu lwamakhosi besihambisana nesiminyaminya ubuhlanya, lapho wasungula uhlelo zokuhlukunyezwa. Naphezu kwalokhu, imibuthano elibusayo babebhekwa njengabangakufanelekeli osopolitiki brilliant lapho izimali ekhaliphile.

Isiko sompristi Arab kanye nentuthuko yayo kule nkathi bakhuthazwa kakhulu, ukuthuthukiswa yesayensi nezokwelapha. Lokhu Ngosizo lomoya umndeni abanamakhono of viziers owabusa kuze 803, futhi lapho egumbuqela Harun. Amalungu omkhaya iminyaka engu-50 ukuze balinganisele phakathi Arabhu namaPheresiya, ngikudalile amandla ezepolitiki abuyisela ekuphileni Sasanian.

Lapho isiko Abbasid sompristi Arabhu yasungulwa sibonga ubuhlobo obunokuthula nomakhelwane bayo, ngempahla. Made izimpahla okunethezeka, usilika izindwangu, izikhali, ubucwebe izinto, embroideries ku isikhumba ngendwangu, okhaphethi, ezitsheni phezu amathambo. It sandile naleyo minyaka KaMose, embossing, umbhalo, zobumba kanye ingilazi imikhiqizo. YasePheresiya kuthonywa izinkondlo Arabhu, ukuvela historiography efanele nesayensi Arabhu kolimi. Ngaleyo minyaka, kwase kunesiqiniseko lolimi Arabhu, kwaqoqwa ezincwadi.