Empire - lena abanye zohulumeni? Lo mbuso enkulu emhlabeni

Igama elithi "umbuso" muva nje izindebe wonke umuntu, kube ngisho imfashini. Kuyinto kukhombisa ubukhulu yayo yangaphambili futhi khezekheze. Uyini ngempela umbuso?

It uyasithembisa?

Izichazamazwi encyclopedia ukunikela Mayelana nencazelo eyisisekelo yegama elithi "umbuso" (kusuka elithi Latin "control '- amandla), okushiwo ngalo, uma ungenawo bangene imininingwane yisicefe futhi baphendukele Okomileyo silulumagama yesayensi, kanje. Okokuqala, umbuso - lobukhosi, eliholwa kuKesari noma Empress (Roman Empire, uMbuso Russian). Nokho, ukuze lokho isimo isibe umbuso bombusi wawo ozimisele ukwenza akwanele ukuba ngokuthi umbusi. Empire kusikisela ukuba khona izindawo ezilawulwa ngokwanele ezinkulu nabantu, amandla eqinile eyodwa (kobushiqela noma wobushiqela). Futhi uma kusasa, Prince Hans-Adamu II azibize uMbusi, angeke ize ishintshe okushiwo isimo idivayisi Liechtenstein (elinabantu abantu esingaphansi omane amawaka), futhi ngeke ngisho ukuthi kuyinto ubukhulu encane - Empire (njengoba uhulumeni).

Kubaluleke ngokufanayo

Okwesibili, imibuso evame ukubizwa ngokuthi izwe ngubani babe nezinto umxhwele wamakoloni. Kulokhu, khona zombusi akudingekile. Ngokwesibonelo, amakhosi IsiZulu neze nabizelwa ababusi, kodwa ecishe ibe ngamakhulu amahlanu, eholwa WaseBrithani, e eyayingahlanganisi nje kuphela UK kodwa futhi inani elikhulu amakoloni futhi dominions. Kwemibuso emikhulu yomhlaba phakade kwagxila amagama abo ezibhebheni komlando, kodwa lokho usuqedile?

UMbuso WaseRoma (27 BC - .. 476)

umbusi ngokusemthethweni okokuqala emlandweni impucuko kubhekwe uJulius Caesar (100 - 44 BC ..), Yikuphi ayekade inxusa, bese wamemezela umashiqela ukuphila. Azi sidzingo setingucuko sina, uKhesari waphasisa umthetho ukuthi ushintshe isimo sezombusazwe laseRoma lasendulo. Lost indima weSigungu Sikazwelonke, abasekeli kaKhesari waba agcwaliswa iSigele, owanikela kuKhesari isihloko umbusi ilungelo ukuze uthumele inzalo yakhe. Caesar waqala minting zemali zegolide kanye ngomfanekiso wakhe. Isifiso sakhe sokuthola amandla aphelele kuye kwaholela uzungu senators (44 BC. E.), Ukuhlelelwa nguMarcus Brutus noGayu Cassius. Empeleni, umbusi wokuqala kwaba indodana yomfowabo ka-Caesar - Octavian-Augustus (63 BC - .. '14 BC ..). isihloko umbusi ngalezo zinsuku kwakusho umlawuli ophakeme ngubani unqobe impi ebalulekile. Ngokusemthethweni, Republic Roman isekhona, futhi Awugustu kwayena uqobo wabizwa princeps ( "kuqala phakathi kwabantu abalinganayo"), kodwa kungokwalabo republic Octavian aluthola izici yokubusa kwamakhosi, a uthi ezifana despotic asempumalanga. Ngo 284, uDiocletian (245 -. Iminyaka 313) usuqalise kwekuhlela kabusha ukuthi ekugcineni liphendulile elaliyiriphabhuliki Roman zibe umbuso. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi lo mbusi yayibizwa ngokuthi i-Dominus - nkosi. Ngezinye 395, isimo wawuhlukaniswe waba yizingxenye ezimbili - Eastern (inhlokodolobha - waseConstantinople) kanye Western (inhlokodolobha - Rome) - ngamunye okuyinto iholwa umbusi wayo. Lokhu kwaba intando uMbusi uTheodosius, ngubani ngobusuku bangaphambi kokufa kwakhe ihlukaniswe isimo phakathi kwamadodana akhe. Enkathini yokugcina ukhona, uMbuso Western yabekwa zithi njalo bakhona, futhi 476 isimo kanye enamandla uzobe ekugcineni wanqoba Odoacer umkhuzi-ngowezizwe (mayelana 431 - 496), abayobusa Italy kuphela, ukulahla isihloko umbusi, futhi ukusuka kwamanye nemfuyo yonke indawo yoMbuso waseRoma. Ngemuva kokuwa kwemibuso emikhulu waseRoma kuzokwenzeka enye ngemva kwenye.

I WaseByzantium (IV - xv eminyaka.)

I WaseByzantium uvela eMpumalanga uMbuso WaseRoma. Lapho Odoacer wagudluzwa wokugcina waseRoma, wasusa isithunzi kwamandla wazithumela iConstantinople. Enhlabathini, Sun eyodwa kuphela, futhi lo mbusi, futhi, kumelwe babe munye - imayelana ukubaluleka enamathiselwe lesisenzo. UMbuso WaseByzantium itholakala lapho kwakuphambana khona-Europe, Asia nase-Afrika, imingcele yayo ayesuka iYufrathe ukuya iDanube. A indima enkulu sokuhlanganiswa BoMbuso WaseByzantium wadlala ubuKristu, okuyinto eyaba ngonyaka 381 inkolo isimo wonke uMbuso WaseRoma. obaba besonto bathi ngokholo igcinwa hhayi kuphela abantu, kodwa umphakathi uqobo. Ngenxa yalokho, eByzantium ingaphansi Ukuvikelwa likaJehova futhi nakanjani ukuhola ezinye izizwe zifinyelele insindiso. amandla zesikole nangokomoya kufanele sibe nobunye egameni ukuze kufinyelelwe umgomo ofanayo. WaseByzantium - esimweni lapho umbono kungani umbuso waseRoma wawunamandla yazuza ifomu ovuthiwe kakhulu. Nkulunkulu - uJehova womhlaba wonke kanye nezulu, futhi umbusi yayibuswa ku imibuso yomhlaba. Ngakho-ke amandla umbusi ivikelwe Nkulunkulu futhi kungcwele. Umbusi WaseByzantium kwadingeka amandla cishe angenamkhawulo, wanquma inqubomgomo kanye namazwe angaphandle, kwaba induna yebutho, ijaji ophakeme lesishaya ngesikhathi esifanayo. UMbusi WaseByzantium - akuyona kuphela inhloko yezwe kodwa futhi yeSonto, ngakho kwadingeka ukuba ubonise isibonelo imodeli ehlonipha yobuKristu. Kwenzeka inqaba, amandla umbusi kwakungasalanga njengefa kusukela iphuzu lomthetho umbono. Umlando uyazi izibonelo eziningi woMbuso WaseByzantium, lapho sekungenzeka kumbusi abantu hhayi ngenxa yokuzalwa ebekiwe umqhele, futhi imiphumela sokunconywa sayo sangempela.

Ottoman (WaseTurkey) Empire (1299 - 1922)

Izazimlando zivame ukubala ukhona kusukela 1299, lapho enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Anatolia, isimo WaseTurkey sekukhona, ngokusekelwe sultan wakhe wokuqala, u-Osman - umsunguli lwamakhosi entsha. ngokushesha Osman anqobe wonke West-Asia Minor, okuzokwenza ibe inkundla enamandla ekwandeni sezizwe zakwa Turkic. Singasho ukuthi uMbuso WaseTurkey - Turkey liyinkathi sultanate. Kodwa kwakheka umbuso ngqó is kuphela xv - XVI eminyaka, lapho ukunqoba Turkish e-Europe, Asia nase-Afrika ziye zaba abalulekile kakhulu. nenkathi yokudlondlobala kwawo kwaqondana wokugoqa yoMbuso WaseByzantium. Yiqiniso, akukhona ngephutha: uma endaweni ethile kudamba, enye ngokuqinisekile ukungezwa, njengoba umthetho ukulondolozwa amandla namandla kulelivekati Eurasia. Entwasahlobo ka-1453 ngenxa ekuvinjezelweni eside futhi olunegazi izimpi amabutho WaseTurkey-Turks ngaphansi Sultan Mehmed II wathatha waseConstantinople, inhloko-dolobha yoMbuso WaseByzantium. Lokhu kunqoba kuzoholela yokuthi abaseTurkey ngeke ukuzitholela izikhundla evelele empumalanga yeMedithera iminyaka eminingi. Inhloko-dolobha yoMbuso WaseTurkey kungaba waseConstantinople (Istanbul). Iphuzu esiphezulu usithonye futhi ukuchuma yoMbuso WaseTurkey safinyelela ekhulwini XVI - phakathi nokubusa Suleiman le Ezinhle Kakhulu I. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu XVII isimo WaseTurkey kungaba omunye onamandla kakhulu emhlabeni. Empire elawulwa bacishe bayifunda yonke South-East-Europe, eNyakatho ye-Afrika Western Asia, kwakugcwele izifundazwe 32 kanye sebuningini nceku ithi. Ukuwa yoMbuso WaseTurkey kwenzeke ngenxa kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Ukuba umbimbi yaseJalimane, abaseTurkey bahlulwa, ngo-1922, uzobe waqeda sultanate, futhi ngo-1923 Turkey iba i-republic.

UMbuso WaseBrithani (1497 - 1949)

UMbuso WaseBrithani - kuba isimo ngobukhulu colonialism wonke umlando impucuko. Eminyakeni engu-30 ngekhulu leminyaka lamashumi amabili, ensimini ka-United Kingdom zaba cishe ingxenye yesine ka ezweni eMhlabeni kanye nabantu bayo - okuyingxenye eyodwa kwezine yenani labantu abahlala emhlabeni (hhayi ithuba lokuthi English isibe ulimi enethonya kunazo zonke emhlabeni). ukunqoba European of England ukuba bahlasele Ireland futhi InterContinental - ukuthunjwa Newfoundland (1583), elaba zithuthukisa ukunwetshwa eNyakatho Melika. Impumelelo ikoloni laseBrithani nomthelela yimpumelelo impi lingabacindezeli, okuyinto England zalwa ngokumelene Spain, eFrance, eHolland. Ekuqaleni XVII ekhulwini baqale ukungena UK lapho beya eNdiya, kamuva England ngeke ongalungisa Australia naseNew Zealand, North, Tropical futhi eNingizimu Afrika.

IBrithani ne-amakoloni

Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, iNhlangano Yezizwe Uyoletha United Kingdom igunya ukuphatha ezinye zamazwe ayengaphansi yoMbuso wase-Ottoman futhi imibuso German (kuhlanganise - Iran Palestine). Nokho, imiphumela seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili kakhulu wayeka e umbuzo wamakoloni. EBrithani, nakuba ke kwenzakala phakathi abawinile, waphoqeleka ukuba uthathe imalimboleko omkhulu wase-United States ukugwema ezikweletini. I-USSR futhi i-United States - abadlali ngobukhulu kwezepolitiki - ayemelene ikoloni. Kodwa ngo amakoloni, Okwamanje, kwaqina wenkululeko inhliziyo. Kulesi simo kunzima kakhulu futhi kuyabiza kwaba nilondoloze ukubusa yayo wamakoloni. Ngokuphambene, i-Portugal and France, England akakwenzanga lokho futhi idluliselwe amandla kohulumeni basekhaya. Kuze kube manje, United Kingdom uyaqhubeka ukulondoloza ukubusa izindawo 14.

Empire Russian (1721 - 1917)

Ngemva kokuphela kweMpi Northern, lapho isimo eMoscow ayethe njo amazwe amasha ukufinyelela khona oLwandle iBaltic, iNkosi uPeter ngathatha isihloko Emperor of All-Russian okhuleka iSigele - sakhiwo esiphezulu esithatha izinqumo kwemandla embuso, owasungulwa eminyakeni eyishumi ngaphambili. Endaweni yawo of the Empire, Russian baba wesithathu (emva le mibuso British kanye Mongol) kusuka izinhlangano zomphakathi wake ekhona. Ngaphambi kokufika le Duma State abasegunyeni 1905 Russian umbusi awugcini, ngaphandle namazinga Orthodox. Peter mina, okuyinto sithuthukisa mpo kwamandla kuleli zwe, iRussia ihlukaniswe ezifundazweni eziyisishiyagalombili. Phakathi nokubusa uCatherine II baba 50, futhi ngo-1917, ngenxa ukunwetshwa indawo, inombolo yabo lenyuka ukuze 78. Russia - Empire, ezazihlanganisa inombolo kwamazwe anamuhla eNgophezukonke (Finland, Belarus, Ukraine, emazweni aseBaltic, eCaucasus and Central Eshiya). Ngenxa yalokho we Februwari Revolution kuka-1917, ibhodi ababusi Russian we Romanov lwamakhosi isidlulile, futhi ngo-September walowo nyaka, Russia ezamenyezelwa i-republic.

ukuthambekela centrifugal okufanele asolwe

Njengoba ubona, zonke mbuso omkhulu ngiyaquleka. Esikhundleni ukudala kubo amabutho centripetal kuyaye kamuva ukuza nokuthambekela centrifugal eziholela uhulumeni uma hhayi ukuwohloka ngokuphelele, khona-ke ubole.