Ubude be-equator

Kwabaningi bethu, igama elithi "equator" lihlotshaniswa nomugqa ohlukanisa umhlaba wethu ngama-halves amabili. Kulokhu, akumangalisi ukuthi abantu bazibuza: yiyiphi i-equator? I-Equator yimizila enemibandela ehamba ngokuqondile nendawo yoMhlaba wethu ngendiza ebhekwa njengendlela ejikelezayo yokujikeleza kweplanethi futhi idlula ngqo phakathi nendawo yayo. Kusuka kwisiLatini, igama elithi "umklomelo" lihunyushwe ngokuthi "i-equalizer". Lo mkhakha uqala ngokulandela ukufundwa kwe-latitude geographical, elingana ne-0 ku-equator.

Ubude be-equator ngu-40,075,667 km, imigqa esele (ukufana) njalo ingaphansi kwesilinganiso sayo. Kuwo wonke umugqa wawo, usuku luhlala lulingana nobusuku. Yi-equator ehlukanisa iplanethi yethu ibe yiziqu ezimbili, iNingizimu neNyakatho. Ngonyaka kabili ngonyaka, ezinsukwini ekwindla nasentwasahlobo ye-equinox, ilanga ngaphezu kwalo liyi-zenith yalo. I-equinox yasentwasahlobo iwela ngoMashi 20-21, kanti i-autumnal eyodwa ngo-Septhemba 23. Lezi zinsuku ilanga lingaphezu kwekhanda lakho, futhi izinto azifaki izithunzi.

Ubude be-equator babalwa ososayensi ngokusho kwe-formula 2πR, naphezu kokuthi uMhlaba awunayo isimo esiyingqayizivele, kodwa uhlukaniswa ngesimo se-ellipse (ibhola elinyathelwe emipulini). Noma kunjalo, indawo yomhlaba wethu yamukeleke ngokomzimba njengengqikithi yendawo. Ubude bomhlaba eceleni kwe-equator ngumugqa omude kunawo wonke ozungeza umhlaba. Iqiniso elithakazelisayo ukuthi liwela ezinsukwini ezingu-14.

Ukusuka e- Greenwich meridian ngasempumalanga, ama-equator crosses ezifana ne-Sao Tome ne-Principe e-Atlantic Ocean, eGabon, eCongo, Kenya, Uganda, eSomalia e-Afrika. Ehamba e-Indian Ocean, idlula eMaldives nase-Indonesia. EPacific, i-equator crosses eKiribati naseBack Islands, e-United States, ngaleso sikhathi-e-Ecuador, eColombia naseBrazil, eseNingizimu Afrikakazikazi. Lawa mazwe ashisa kunazo zonke emhlabeni.

Ubude be-equator kuqala babalwa ngumsosayensi wasendulo wamaGreki u-Eratosthenes, owayengeyona nje isazi sezibalo esikhulu, isazi sezemvelo, imbongi, kodwa futhi nesazi sezinkanyezi. Ukulinganisa isikhathi lapho imisebe yelanga ifike khona phansi komthombo, usosayensi wakwazi ukubala indawo yomhlaba futhi ukuthola ukuthi ubude be-equator buyini. Lezi zibalo zilinganiselwa kakhulu, kodwa zanikeza okuningi ezizukulwaneni ezilandelayo zososayensi ngokubala okunembile kwesikhathi salesi sigaba sokucabanga. U-Eratosthenes waseKhurene wazalwa ngo-276 BC. Wafa ngo-194 BC.

Kwakungomunye wesosayensi omkhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni wasendulo. Wazalelwa edolobheni laseGrisi laseCyrene futhi, ngesikhathi isimemezelo seNkosi uPtolemy III wase-Evergert, wayephethe umtapo we-Alexandria Library. Lo usosayensi omkhulu washona ngenxa yindlala, ebumpofu obukhulu, kodwa wehla emlandweni njengomcwaningi ohlakaniphile ngendlela engavumelani nesayensi. Ubude be-equator ngokuya ku-Eratosthenes kwakungu-stadia angu-252 000, okungama-39.690 km. Umdali wesayensi yezemvelo nesemvelo, u-Eratosthenes wenza izinto eziningi ezitholakala ezindaweni eziningi. Kunzima kakhulu kumuntu wanamuhla ukuthi aqonde indlela ososayensi, ngaphandle kwezinsimbi, ebalwa ubude be-equator, nephutha lamakhilomitha angu-386 kuphela.

Abaningi bezibalo nezibalo zezinkanyezi kamuva bazama nokubala ubude be-equator. UDutchman Snellius ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XVII wasikisela ukubala leli xabiso ngaphandle kokucabangela izithiyo ezitholakale. Ngekhulu le-18, ososayensi abavela eFrance babehlanganyela ngokujulile ekubaleni okunjalo. AbaseRussia, nabo, abazange bayeke eceleni futhi banomthelela kwisayensi, okusivumela ukuba sinqume ubude bomhlaba eceleni kwe-equator. Umqondisi we- Pulkovo Observatory, u- V. Ya. Struve, wenza lezi zilinganiso ngezigaba kusukela ngo-1822 kuya ku-1852, futhi ngo-1941 isazi se-Soviet scientist-geodesist F.N. U-Krasovsky wakwazi ukubala ubude bomhlaba ellipse, okuvela kuso ososayensi banamuhla abavela emhlabeni wonke, njengoba kubhekwa njengezinga elijwayelekile.