Ingabe usebenzisa indlela yomeluleki ekuzaleni izilwane?

Amagatsha ahlukahlukene esayensi aphathelene nokuhlwanyelwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo ezihlwanyelwe, izinhlobo zezilwane zasemapulazini kanye nezinkinga zamabhaktheriya, sebenzisa amasu kanye nezindlela ezintsha ezingokoqobo nezindlela ezintsha. Zizobe zithembele, okokuqala, into yokukhetha umsebenzi. Ngamanye amazwi, lapho kwenziwa ukuhlolwa kwezitshalo, usosayensi angasebenzisa ukukhethwa kwamasenti noma indlela yomeluleki, kuyilapho ekusebenzelaneni nezilwane noma izinambuzane, lezo zindlela zisetshenziselwa ukulinganisa, futhi ngisho neze.

Umsebenzi walesi sihloko uzoba ukucacisa umbuzo wokuthi ngabe uhlobo olunjalo lomsebenzi wokuzalanisa, njengendlela yomgqugquzeli, kungenzeka ukuthi kungenzeka futhi kwenzeke ngokusemthethweni ekudaleni izinhlobo ezintsha zezinkomo, izingulube nezinkukhu.

Izici zokuzalanisa izilwane

Umsebenzi kaCharles Darwin, owaziwa kakhulu emibuthanweni yesayense, "Izinguquko ezilwaneni ezifuywayo nezitshalo ezihlwanyelwe ngaphansi kwethonya lokuhlala ekhaya", ebhalwe phakathi nekhulu le-19, namanje iyincwadi yokubhekisela kuyo yonke inqwaba yososayensi banamuhla abaqhuba imisebenzi ewusizo. Kuzo izindlela zokubeletha eziyinhloko zibizwa ngokuthi: ukuxuba, i-heterosis nokuwela okuhlobene eduze, ngokusekelwe ekukhethweni okukhethiwe.

Ezivivinyweni zezilwane, ifomu layo elinyene liyagwenywa, ngoba ngokuvamile abazali ababili banikeza inamba encane yezinhlamvu, ngayinye yayo inenani elithile ekulinganiseni kwezinto ezibonakalayo. Masingakhohlwa ukuthi kubamele abamele amakilasi ama-Birds nama-Mammals, okuyizinto eziyinhloko zokukhiqiza umsebenzi, abonakala ngokukhiqizwa ngokocansi kuphela. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukwamukelwa okusekelwe kumafomu ezitshalo (ukusika, ukuhlanganiswa, ukuhlanganiswa) akumukeleki ezilwaneni. Ukuze uqonde umbuzo wokuthi ngabe umeluleki usetshenziswa kanjani ekuzaleni izilwane, kuyoba nengqondo ukucacisa okokuqala lokho okushiwo yile ndlela.

Indlela yomfundisi

Usosayensi ovelele waseRussia, umhlengi okhethwe yi-IV Michurin, owazi izifundo zakhe ezihlakaniphile waba isisekelo sezesayensi yezwe, wasebenzisa indlela yokudla yezitshalo ezinhlobonhlobo ezimbili ezihlukahlukene. Ngenxa yalokho, bobabili abantu baqala ukuthola izici ezintsha nezakhiwo. Isibonelo, ukuma, ubukhulu noma umbala wezithelo, kanye nokunambitheka kwabo, kushintshiwe. Ukuthela igciwane emthonjeni we-rootstock, IV Michurin wakwazi ukudala izimo ezinjalo lapho isiqalo sathola khona izakhi zomama.

Konke lokhu ekugcineni kwashintsha inkambo yokuphendula kwamangqamuzana emasethini nasezicukwaneni zomunwe ohlanganisiwe, ngakho-ke izibonakaliso zayo ze-phenotypic. Indlela engenhla ye-inoculation yaziwa ngokuzalana kwezitshalo njengendlela yokucebisa.

Izibonelo zokudala izinhlobo ezintsha zezitshalo zezithelo

Enye yezokuqala, eyamukelwa ngu-I. Michurin emuva ngo-1908, yilokulima kwe-apple-tree Bellefler-Chinika. Njenge-scion, umbelethi wathatha isiqu sezinhlobo zaseMelika uBelfler ophuzi enezimfanelo ezivelele. Isitokisi sasibizwa nge-sapling yaseChina, ezihlukahlukene ezihlukahlukene-zendawo, ezasakazwa ensimini yeCentral Russia. Izinzuzo zayo eziyinhloko kwakunqanda ukumelana nesithwathwa nokuphikisana nezifo ezisemqoka zezihlahla ze-apula - isikhumba nesiphunga se-powdery. Ukusebenzisa indlela yomeluleki, ososayensi, ngenxa ye-hybridization, wathola izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene, okungafani kahle nezimo eziyinkimbinkimbi zezulu ezisezindaweni ezisenyakatho ngokuhambisana nokuphakama okukhulu kwezithelo. Ama-apula aseMichurinsky ahlukahlukene anomzimba omhlophe we-dessert ukunambitheka ngephunga elimnandi.

Eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-100, lesi siko siyaqhubeka sikhula emakhaya angasese kuphela eRussia, kodwa nase-Ukraine, e-Armenia nasezifundeni zaseNorth Caucasus. Abanini bezithelo bayakwazisa lokhu okuhlukahlukene futhi nokukhiqiza okuphakeme njalo nokuqhwa kwamaqanda. Eziteshini zokuzalanisa nasezikhungweni zezithelo, izitsha zeBelfler-Chinaki nazo zisetshenziselwa njengezinhlanzi ezinqubo zokuxubungula, ngenxa yokuthi zakhiwa izinhlobo ezingaba ngu-13 ezintsha.

Imigomo kanye nezinhloso zokwamukela imfundo eqondiswe izitshalo ze-hybrid

Ukuqhubekela phambili kumaqiniso angenhla, ukubaluleka okukhulu komsebenzi wokuhlola ka-IV Michurin, ongazange nje athuthukise indlela yomgqugquzeli, kodwa wamenza waba omunye wabaholi ekutholeni izinhlobo ezintsha zezitshalo nezitshalo zeberry, kuyaqondakala.

Ukuhlolwa kwabazuzi bososayensi - ES Stroev, E. N. Sedov kanye nabanye abasebenzi be-All-Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Selection, bafingqa izinhloso ezifinyelelwe ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwamasu okuzalela okuqondiswayo kwezithombo ezihlangene.

Okubaluleke kunazo zonke kwalokhu kubandakanya lokhu okulandelayo: ukulinganisa izici ze-phenotypic ezingalungile kubantu abathandwayo, nokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezifiselekayo kubantu ezitshalweni ezihlukahlukene. Ukucaphuna imiphumela eminingi yokukhiqiza izitshalo, abacwaningi bafika ekuqondeni izikhathi ezithile ezihambisana nokusetshenziswa kwemigomo ekusebenzeni. Ake siwahlole ngokuningiliziwe.

Izimo zokuthola imifino yemifino

Ukusebenzisa indlela yomeluleki ekukhuliseni izilwane, lemithetho elandelayo kufanele icatshangelwe:

• Isitshalo lapho bathatha khona isiqu noma izinso (ukuhlanganiswa), kumele kube semifino yemifino, hhayi eminyakeni engama-1-2, futhi njengeluleki inzalo yomuthi ongapheli isetshenziswa;
• Eceleni kwesibhamu se-vegetative sokuhlanganiswa, inqwaba yamagatsha esitokisini kufanele igcinwe, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izibonakaliso ze-phenotypic zesitshalo zihlonyelwe.

Ngenxa yezimo ezingenhla, abakhiqizi balula ukukhiqiza izakhiwo zezomnotho ezitshalweni zezithelo nezithelo. Njengoba enye yezindlela ezithandwa kakhulu nezandakazekayo zokukhiqiza izitshalo ezintsha zezitshalo zezolimo, le ndlela, ngeshwa, isalokhu ingacwaningi ngokucophelela yizibalo zezinhlanzi zanamuhla kanye nama-cytologists.

Ubuciko bobuciko

Embuzweni wokuthi ngabe umeluleki usetshenziswa kanjani ekuzaliseni izilwane noma cha, impendulo izoba yinto engalungile. Okuthakazelisayo kulokhu kuxhumano kukhona izifundo eziphathelene ne-biotechnology ngokuphathelene nokwenziwa kwe-cloning, okuwukuthi, ukuhlanganiswa kwekhophi ephelele yezinto eziphilayo ezivela kumatrix (eyodwa noma ngaphezulu amaseli somatic). Kulesi simo, kufana nokulandelana kwezindlela zokukhiqiza zezitshalo, ngoba ukutholakala kwesilwane kuhlanganisa amangqamuzana afana ne-genotype. Ukuhlola emkhakheni wezicubu kanye nobuchwepheshe bezakhi zofuzo kwenziwa ngendlela yokulima kwabo emkhatsini wezakhi. Ukwaziswa konke okuphathelene nokuphila kugcinwe kuma-chromosomes we-nuclei, okusho ukuthi kungenzeka ukuba uthole inani elingenamkhawulo labantu - amakhophi - kusuka esitokisini esisodwa.

Izindlela zokuzalanisa izilwane

IV Michurin wakhetha indlela yomeluleki kuphela ukuwusebenzisa ekuhlolweni kwezidalwa zezitshalo, ikakhulukazi, ikakhulukazi izitshalo nezitshalo zeberry. Njengoba sishilo ekuqaleni, izifundo zezilwane zinemininingwane yazo. Okokuqala, lokhu kungabikho kokukhiqiza izitshalo ezitsheni eziphezulu.

Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi izidalwa zazo zibhekwa izinga eliphezulu lokuhlanganiswa kwazo zonke izitho kanye nezinhlelo, ngakho ukushintsha uphawu olulodwa lwesigungu esithile ngaphansi kwethonya lomeluleki kuyokwenza ngokungahambikiyo kube nokuphazamiseka okukhulu emsebenzini wezinhlelo ezihlobene nayo ngokoqobo nangokwemvelo. Ngokwenza njalo, kuyoba kuhle ukwethula amasu alandelayo ekusebenzeni nezilwane, okungukuthi: okuhlobene eduze (inbreeding) kanye nokuhweba okude. Eyokuqala isetshenziselwa ukwakha imigqa ehlanzekile futhi iqhubeke nokuthola umphumela we-heterosis, kanti okwesibili isetshenziselwa ukungafani nezinhlobo ezintsha zezilwane.