Umbono wemithetho yemvelo

Imfundiso yomthetho wemvelo ivela ezikhathini zasendulo. Imibono ehlobene nale nkinga ikhona kakade eGrisi Yamandulo (amaSophist, i-Aristotle, i-Democritus, i-Socrates), iChina (moizm) neRoma (abameli baseRoma, uCicero).

Abamele lo mbono bakholelwa ukuthi ilungelo lokuzalwa kwabantu lingelamalungelo angenakunyulwa (empilweni , ukungaziphathi kahle, umshado, inkululeko, impahla, abasebenzi, ukulingana, njll). Lawa ma lungelo angenakulinganiswa, akekho ongakwazi ukuwachitha, ngaphandle kwamacala okujeziswa ngobugebengu. Bavela emvelo ngokwabantu njengabantu abangokomoya nabakhululekile.

Umthetho wemvelo uhlanganisa ubulungiswa obuphezulu, ngakho-ke imithetho yombuso akufanele iphikisana nayo. Abasekeli balo mbono bafaka umqondo onjalo njengomthetho omuhle, ohlanganisa imithetho eyamukelwa nguhulumeni.

Abameli abavelele kunazo zonke yiRousseau, Radischev, Montesquieu, Locke, Hobbes, Holbach nabanye.

Inkolelo yomthetho wemvelo ibonakala eminyangweni yamazwe ahlukahlukene emhlabeni, kuhlanganise naseRussian Federation. Ngakho-ke, ku-Article 17 kuthiwa amalungelo ayisisekelo ayengenakulinganiswa futhi wonke umuntu uvela ekuzalweni, ukuzivocavoca kwabo akufanele kuphule amalungelo abanye.

Njengamanje, akukho ukuphikiswa phakathi komthetho omuhle nomvelo, ngoba okokuqala kuhloswe ukuvikela amalungelo ayisisekelo abantu, ukulawulwa kombuso kwezihlobo ezikhona emphakathini.

Inkolelo yomthetho wemvelo kanye nenkontileka yezenhlalakahle isondelene kakhulu. Ngokwenkolelo yenkontileka, abantu ngaphambi kokuvela kombuso bekhululekile, babe namalungelo angenamkhawulo. Ngokusho kwe-Hobbes ethi "Kuzakhamuzi", abantu babesesimweni "sempi yabo bonke ngokumelene nabo bonke," ngoba bahloselwe ukulimaza omunye nomunye. Esimweni semvelo, kwakungenakwenzeka ukuhlala isikhathi eside, ngoba kwaholela ekuqothulweni kokubili. Ngakho-ke, ngokuvikela kwabo, badlulisela ingxenye yamalungelo kuhulumeni ngokuphetha isivumelwano somphakathi. Amandla kahulumeni awasebenzanga kwamalungelo angenakuvikelwa, futhi umthetho oqondile wasetshenziswa ukuqinisekisa ubulungiswa.

Ngaphandle kwamalungelo angenakulinganiswa omuntu kumthetho wemvelo nawo afaka phakathi kwezenhlalo nezomnotho (isibonelo, inkululeko yokuzihlanganisa ezinhlanganweni zomphakathi kanye namaqembu ezombangazwe, amalungelo emiphakathi yezenhlalakahle).

Kunemiqondo emithathu yemithombo yomthetho wemvelo. Ngokomunye wabo, kubonakala ngokuvumelana nokunikezwa kukaNkulunkulu. Umqondo wesibili womthetho wemvelo uyibheka njengemikhuba kanye nemvelo yemvelo. Owesithathu uhlukanisa ingqondo yomuntu njengomthombo.

Umthetho wemvelo usekelwe ezilandelayo:

• Umuntu unelungelo lokuzivikela ngokomzimba;
• Ngenxa yalokhu uyathembela engqondweni yakhe engqondo, okungenzeka kuphela ngokulondoloza isithunzi nodumo;
• Njengomuntu ohlakaniphile, usebenza futhi unelungelo lomphumela walo msebenzi;
• Ngenxa yokuthi abantu bafana, akekho kubo onamalungelo amaningi;
• Umuntu othi amalungelo athile kufanele aqaphele wona nabanye;
• Ukuvikela amalungelo emvelo, umthetho wesifunda kuyadingeka.

Inkolelo yemithetho yemvelo ibaluleke kakhulu, ngoba iphika ukuklanywa kwabantu ekufundeni, ukungalingani kwezenhlalo. Abantu banamalungelo alinganayo, okumele avikelwe ngumthetho. Noma yikuphi ukuhlukunyezwa okumele kusetshenziswe kuzo kufanele kushushiswe umthetho wobugebengu kanye neziphathimandla zomphakathi.

Inkolelo yemithetho yemvelo, ngaphandle kokuhlanganiswa komthethosisekelo, yaboniswa ezinjalo njengeSimemezelo se- American Independence ka- 1776, uMthethosivivinywa wamaLungelo ka- 1791, isimemezelo samaLungelo kanye nenkululeko yomNyango waseFrance we-1789, kanye nakwezinye izincwadi eziningi zomthetho.