I-Arsenic acid: izakhi zamakhemikhali, ifomula. Izinto eziyingozi kakhulu

Umthelela wamakhemikhali ahlukene emzimbeni womuntu uyamangalisa. Iningi lethu laziwa ngokuthi i-compounds ayithathi hlangothi, noma idlala indima ebalulekile ekuphileni komuntu. Kodwa kukhona iqembu lezinto ezibeka ingozi enkulu empilweni. Zihlukaniswe ngezigaba eziningana. I-arsenic acid ekhonjiswe kule ngxenye ingenye yamakhemikhali anobuthi anobuthi. Ngokusho kwesigaba samanje esamukelwe, singena ekilasini lesibili lesingozi esanda, kanye ne-chloroform, ukuhola kanye ne-lithium compounds. Sizofunda izakhiwo ze-arsenic acid ngokuningiliziwe.

Isakhiwo se-molecule kanye nesimo sombuso esihlangene

Lesi sakhi ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile sinesakhiwo sekristallini. Ukuba i-tribasic, i-arsenic acid, i-formula ye-H ₃ AsO ₄ , inezinsawo zombili nama- asidi. Isibonelo, i-potassium hydrosarenate - K ₂ HAsO ₄ , i-dihydroarsenate ye-sodium - i-NaH _{2 i-} AsO ₄ , i- lithium arsenate-Li _{3 i-} AsO ₄ . Ngokubala i-arsenic acid, i-penoxide ye-arsenic ye-hemic, ebizwa ngokuthi i-arsenic anhydride, iyatholakala. Amakristalu ahlanzekile amhlophe enza i-vitreous mass engenakunqunywa kalula emanzini.

Ukuhlukaniswa

I-H3AsO ₄ , kanye ne- acidic ne-hydroxide eholayo, i-electrolyte ewuthakathaka. Ngakho-ke, etafuleni le-ionization ye-acids ebaluleke kunazo zonke, i-ortho-arsenic acid inezintambo ezintathu zokuhlukanisa: 5.6 x 10 ^-3 , 1.5 x 10 ^-7 no-3, 89 x 10 ^-12 . Lezi zinkomba zilinganisa amandla we-asidi. Ngokuhambisana nama -constant dissociation, ochungechungeni lwe-acids engavamile, i-H ₃ AsO ₄ ithatha isikhundla esiphakathi kwe-chromic ne-antimony acids. Amakhemikhali aseRussia kanye no-experimenters AL no-A Agafonov benza inkulumo yemathemikhali lapho kutholakala khona ukuxhomeka kwezingqimba zokuqala zokuhlukanisa i-arsenic acid ekushiseni okuphakathi kuka-0 ° C kuya ku-50 ° C.

Izici zamakhemikhali

Izinga le-oxidation ye-athomu ye-arsenic, engxenyeni ye-molecule ye-asidi, i-+5. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi i-compound ngokwayo, ekusebenziseni kwamakhemikhali nezinye izinto, ibonisa izakhi ze-oxidative. Ngakho-ke, uma ihlangana ne-iodide ye-potassium esebenza njenge-ejenti yokunciphisa, sithola i-arsenious acid H ₃ AsO ₃ kumaphakathi we-asidi phakathi kwemikhiqizo yokusabela. Khumbula ukuthi i-arsenic acid, i-formula H ₃ AsO _4, i-tribasic, ngakho-ke, ekuphenduleni ama-alkalis noma ama-basaluble ayisisekelo, ingahlinzeka ngezinhlobo ezintathu zamanoni: isilinganiso, ama-hydro- ne-dihydroarsenates. Impendulo efanelekayo kwi-AsO ₄ ^3- ku-chemistry yokuhlaziya ukusebenzisana kwe-arsenic acid ngokwayo noma usawoti wayo onamasile esiliva ane-soluble, isibonelo, nge-nitrate. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuchithwa kwe-Ag ₃ AsO ₄ Umbala wekhofi.

Indlela ye-iodometric yokunquma i-arsenic acid

Emakhemikhali okuhlaziya, umsebenzi obalulekile ukutholakala kwamakhemikhali amakhemikhali ezisombululo ezicwaningweni. I-Arsenic acid, enezimo zamakhemikhali esizicabangele ekuqaleni, ingatholakala nge-micromethod ye-iodometry. Ku-1 ml yesisombululo saso sithwala umthamo ofanayo we-4N. Isixazululo se-hydrochloric acid ne-1 ml yesisombululo se-4% se-iodide ye-potassium. I-Sesquioxide arsenic Njengoba i- ₂ O _{3 isakhiwe,} inqwaba yayo, ngokugcinwa okuqinile kwemithamo ye-reagents eningi, ihlala ifana njalo futhi ilingana no-0.5746 mg.

Ikhono lokuxhuma le-arsenic acid

Njengoba kuyaziwa, i-H ₃ AsO _4, njenge- orthophosphoric acid, i-electrolyte yamandla aphakathi. Ama-crystals ahlanzekile amhlophe asakazeka emoyeni futhi abe nokwakhiwa kwe-2H ₃ AsO ₄ x H ₂ O. Amanoni ayo ayenziwe ngamalitha (kokubili isilinganiso nesisindo) ane pH emanzini ezisombululo ezingaphezu kuka-7. Izikhali ze-lithium, potassium, i-sodium ne-ammonium Ziyanqunywa kalula emanzini, kanti ama-salts asele asele awancibiliki kuwo. I-Arsenic acid i-oxidizer enhle. Ekusebenzeni kwe-oxidation-ukunciphisa, kuncishiswa ukuba i-arsenic acid noma i-arsine.

H ₃ AsO ₄ + 2e + 2H ⁺ = H _{3 I-} AsO ₃ + H ₂ O

H ₃ AsO ₄ + 8e + 8H ⁺ = AsH ₃ + 4H ₂ O

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-arsenic acid ikhiqiza kalula izinsimbi ezihlukahlukene, i-sulphite ne-iodide acids, kanye ne-hydrogen sulphide.

Ukukhiqizwa kwe-arsenic acid

Ngaphansi kwezimo ze-laboratory, i-H ₃ AsO ₄ ingatholakala ngokuphendula kwe-arsenic sesquioxide ne-nitric acid ekushiseni. Emikhiqizweni, i-oxide ye-nitrogen ene-trivalent ne-H _{3 i-} AsO ₄ itholakala _. Enye indlela yokuthola lokhu ukuhlakazwa kwe-arsenic oxide emanzini. Ngokuvamile, ngokulungiselela kwalo, uketshezi kanyekanye kanye ne-hydrolysis ye-trialkylarsenites nesisombululo se-hydrogen peroxide esishiswe ku-50 ° C sisetshenziswa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amanzi nokuphuza utshwala ekuhlanganyeleni kwe-reaction. Isixazululo siphuphuma futhi i-arsenic acid ehlanzekile ekhethekile iyatholakala. Ngokwemvelo, izinto zokusetshenziswa zokukhiqiza i-arsenic acid ziyimaminerali: i-arsenolite ne-arsenopyrite, idiphozi yayo ecebile ezifundeni zaseCherlyabinsk naseChita zeRussia Federation.

Isicelo se-H3AsO4

Ukucabangela ukuthi i-ortho-arsenic acid ingenye yezinhlayiya eziqine kakhulu. Ukusetshenziswa kwalo embonini nokuphila kwansuku zonke kunqunyelwe. Amasila avamile kakhulu - ama-arsenate, ayenobuthi obukhulu kakhulu kune-H ₃ AsO ₄ ngokwalo _. Ngakho-ke, embonini yezinkuni kanye ne- zinc sulphate nosawoti we-sodium we-pentachlorophenol, i-arsenic acid isetshenziselwa ukucubungula izinkuni. Le ndlela iyanciphisa ukulahlekelwa ekubhujisweni kwe-cellulose nge-infungal fungal kanye nezibungu zamabhungane ezinkuni. Ezokwelapha, i-H _{3 i-} AsO ₄ isetshenziselwa njengengxenye yomuthi "i-Atoxil" yokwelashwa kwezifo zokuguqula i-protozoal, njenge-giardiasis, i-balantidiasis, i-isospore.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukutheleleka kwabantu abanobuchopho buye banda kakhulu. Kunezizathu eziningana - isibonelo, ukutheleleka ngokusebenzisa ukudla okuqukethe izinhlamvu ze-protozoa, ngokusebenzisa ukulunywa kwezinambuzane noma ngokusebenzisa ubulili. I-arsenic acid isetshenziswe njengento yokuqala ekuqaleni kokukhiqizwa kwezibuko ezikhanyayo, kanye nobunjiniyela kagesi. I-H ₃ AsO ₄ etholakalayo, usawoti wayo we-sodium, isetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo ku-dermatology ne-phthisiology. Amakhemikhali e-Arsenic asetshenziselwa amazinyo (i-arsenic paste) njengesidakamizwa esetshenziselwa ukunciphisa ukuzwela ubuhlungu besibindi esivuthayo lapho sisuswa emgodini wamazinyo.

Umphumela we-asidi emzimbeni womuntu

Njengoba sekushiwo kakade, i-H ₃ AsO ₄ ingena ekilasini lesibili yengozi eyingozi - izinto ezinobungozi kakhulu. Kubulawe umthamo we-asidi ngokwayo kanye nosawoti ophakathi kuka-15 kuya ku-150 mg kilogram ngayinye yesisindo somzimba. Kanye nomthelela ogcwele onobuthi, i-arsenic acid ibangela i-necrosis yesikhumba kanye nezibilini ezinamangcwaba ezitho zangaphakathi: amaphaphu, isisu, amathumbu.

E-laboratory, lapho kwenziwa izivivinyo nge-arsenates ne-H ₃ AsO ₄ , ukusetshenziswa kwamagilavu okuzivikela kuyimpoqo, futhi ukuhlolwa ngokwabo kuyenziwa ngaphansi kwe-hood. Uma kwenzeka ukuphuza esitokisini, uhlelo lwayo lwe-enzymatic luphulwa, njengoba ama-enzyme engasebenzi. Emzimbeni womuntu, uketshezi nge-arsenates kuholela ku-paresis ngisho nokukhubazeka. Ngo-oncology, i-chemotherapy ngokungahambisani nemigomo yokulandelela imiyalezo ye-poisoning ne-myarsenol ne-novarsenol. Usizo lokuqala lokudla ubuthi ngamanoni e-arsenic acid yisisindo sokuhlanza ngokushesha (isibonelo, ngesisombululo se-unithiol noma amalungiselelo we-silicon dioxide).

Ukuvimbela ukwehluleka okukhulu kwe-renal, inqubo ye-hemodialysis inqunywe. Njengengqikithi, ngaphezu kwesisombululo se-5% se-unithiol, i-antidote ye-Strizhevsky ingasetshenziswa. Ngaphambi kokuba i-ambulensi esiphuthumayo ifike ekhaya, isisombululo se-citric acid singasetshenziselwa ukunciphisa izinga lokudakwa, bese kudala ukuhlanza nokuhlanza isisu. Zonke izinyathelo zezokwelapha kumele zenziwe ngokuphumula okuqinileyo kokulala ngaphansi kokuqondiswa udokotela.