Isilwane sezilwane - umlando wolwazi

Isakhiwo samaselula sokuphila kwemvelo sabonakaliswa isintu ngemuva nje kokusungulwa kwe-microscope. Ngo-1590, idivayisi eyenziwe nguZ. Jansen, yaletha ucwaningo lwesayensi esiteji esisha. Umlando wokutholakala kweseli waqala ngokuqondile kusukela kulo mzuzu. Ososayensi baleso sikhathi eside baba nolwazi lwezinto zonke eziphilayo, kwaze kwaba yilapho kutholakala ukutholakala okukhulu. Iseli lesitshalo labonwa kuqala futhi lifundiswa yi-botanist waseNgilandi nomqondisi wezesayensi uRobert Hooke ngo-1665. Emathini omuthi wokhuni wathola izakhiwo ezingavamile, ezibonakala ngendlela efanayo nezinyosi zezinyosi. Bayibiza ngokuthi amangqamuzana. Kodwa uRobert Hooke wayephutha ngokujulile ezifundweni zakhe, ekhomba ukuthi amangqamuzana ngokwawo ayinalutho, futhi izindonga zawo ziyizinto eziphilayo.

Ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwama-optics kwaholela kumamodeli amakhulu kakhulu amakhulu. Kwakukhona ngosizo lwamalensi amasha lapho uDutchman Antonio van Leeuwenhoek ebona khona isakhiwo sezilwane. Washiya imiphumela yocwaningo lwakhe ephepheni ngesimo semidwebo elula, ebonisa ukuthi ubonwe ezincane. Wachaza amabhaktheriya, i-spermatozoa, kanye nama-erythrocyte nokuhamba kwawo kuma-capillaries. Kodwa naphezu kokucwaninga kososayensi, sekuyisikhathi eside umbuzo ungagciniwe - kungakhathaliseki ukuthi amangqamuzana noma isisekelo esakhiweni sezinto eziphilayo. Futhi ngonyaka we-1838 kuya ku-1839 kuphela impendulo yalo ingayinika isitshalo sezitshalo uMnuz Shleiden kanye nesazi sezilwane uT. Schwann. Bakha ama-postulates ayisisekelo we-theory yeselula, ekhona kuze kube yilolu suku ngezinguquko ezincane, ezilungiswa yizinto ezitholakalayo zakamuva zesayensi.

Ngakho-ke, ososayensi baseJalimane, lapho behlaziye idatha etholakalayo kubo, bakwazi ukuthola ukuthi zonke izilwane zezitshalo nezilwane zihlanganisa amaseli. Kulokhu, isitshalo ngasinye nesilwane ngasinye siyingxenye esizimele, sihlala ngobumbano obuvumelanayo nomzimba wonke. Kodwa iziphetho zabo zazingekho ngokuphelele. Kodwa-ke, umlando wocwaningo lweseli ugcwele izigameko ezifanayo. Ngemva kwesikhashana, i-compatriot R. Virchow angafakazela ukuthi yonke iseli itholakala kwelinye iseli, futhi ukucabanga kwemvelaphi yezinto ezisetshenziswa kwamangqamuzana kusuka kunoma yikuphi, kufakwe phambili ngabasunguli bayo, ukuyibeka ngobumnene, kuyiphutha.

Isilwane sesilwane sasikhathaniswa kanye nokucwaninga emazweni amaningi. Ngakho-ke, ngisho nangaphambi kokwakheka kwe-theory yamaselula, i-botanist ye-English R. R. Brown ithola ingxenye ephoqelekile yeselula ngalinye-i-nucleus. Futhi ngo-1895 u-T. Bauveri wayekwazi ukubona nge-microscope futhi achaze izidumbu ezilele eduze nucleus, ezabizwa ngokuthi i-centrioles. Ngo-1890, ososayensi uRobert Altman wachaza i-membrane organelles, ebizwa ngokuthi i-mitochondria. Ngokombono wakhe, umsebenzi oyinhloko we-mitochondria kwakuwukunikeza amangqamuzana amandla. Futhi, ngokumangazayo ngokwanele, lokhu kucabangela kwaba yinto efanele futhi kwaqinisekiswa iminyaka eminingi yocwaningo.

Khona-ke, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi eside, abazalwane abafundele bafezekisa uhlelo lwezinhlamvu ezincane, okwakwenza bakwazi ukutadisha isakhiwo seseli eduze . Ngezikhathi ezithile, kwakunokutholakala kwesayensi okwakulungiselela i-theory yeselula yamanje. Kodwa ukuqhuma kwangempela kwezinto eziphilayo kwenzeka kuphela emva kokufakwa kwamakrofoni amakhompiyutha e-operation. UK. Porter ngo-1945 wakwazi ukuthola futhi achaze i-reticulum endoplasmic (i-reticulum), lapho isilwane sesilwane senza khona amaprotheni, ushukela kanye ne-lipids. Kamuva, ngo-1955, ngosizo lwe-microscope elula, i-lysosomes yafundwa-izakhiwo ezikhethekile ze-globular eziqinisekisa ukwehlukaniswa kwezinto eziphilayo futhi zinezinhlobo eziningi ze-enzyme e-proteolytic.

Ukutadisha isilwane sezilwane kuqhubeka ngokuvumelana nesimiso "kusuka elula kuya eziyinkimbinkimbi". Izindlela zanamuhla zocwaningo zenza kube lula ukutadisha ngokugcwele izakhi ze-DNA, ukwakheka kwe-protoplasm nokunye okuningi. Ngakho-ke, ngokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe, kungenzeka ukuthi ufunde mayelana nokuhlelwa kwezwe eliphilayo. Futhi yilokhu okushiwo ingqondo yomuntu.