Izitho zangasese: izibonelo nobufakazi bokuziphendukela kwemvelo

Isayensi yanamuhla yesayensi inezinto ezanele ezifakazela ukuba khona kwenqubo yokuguquguquka kokuguquguquka kwemvelo eziphilayo. Omunye wabo yizitho zangasese, izibonelo zazo ezizocatshangelwa esihlokweni sethu.

Ubufakazi Bokuziphendukela Kwemvelo

Izwe eliphilayo lomhlaba wethu liyamangalisa ngokuhluka kwayo. Zonke izinto eziphilayo zihluke kakhulu futhi kunzima ukubona kuqala ubunye bemvelaphi yabo. Kodwa-ke, kukhona uchungechunge lonke lobufakazi. Okokuqala, lokhu kufana nokubunjwa kwamakhemikhali, okungukuthi kukhona khona ama-molecule wamaprotheni, i-lipids, ama-carbohydrate nama-nucleic acid. Bonke abameleli bendawo yokuphila, ngaphandle kwamagciwane, babe nesakhiwo seselula.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwama-embryonic ama-vertebrates

I-Embryology yisayensi yokuthuthukiswa kwamabriyoni. Ucwaningo lwabasosayensi luye lwabonisa, ukuthi ekuqaleni kwezinyathelo zokukhula kwama-vertebrates cishe azifani. I-Chorda, i-tube ye-nervous, i-gill slits ku-pharynx - zonke lezi zibonakaliso zikhona ezinyoni, ezinhlanzini nasezintwini. Esikhathini sokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo, izilwane ezihlukene zamakilasi ahlukumezeka.

Ubufakazi Bokuziphatha Ngokwemvelo

Esinye sezibonakaliso ezihamba phambili zenqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ukufana nokuhlelwa kwezakhi ezihlukahlukene zomzimba. Lesi sici sibizwa ngokuthi i-morphological. Isibonelo esibangeleko sobuhlobo phakathi kwamakilasi ngamunye we-vertebrates yi-platypus. Lesi silwane sinesimo esiphakathi phakathi kwezinambuzane, izinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo ngenxa yezizathu eziningana. Ngakho-ke, i-platypus inezici zabameleli bazo zonke izigaba ezibalulwe. Isibonelo, lesi silwane siyancipha ngokubeka amaqanda. Ngesikhathi esifanayo uyondla amathole akhe ngobisi, njengezilwane ezincelisayo. Ama-eardrums okubhukuda, indlela yokugubha amanzi emlonyeni nomlomo ophuzileyo wenza kube sengathi yizinyoni. Futhi uveza ubuthi, njengezinambuzane eziningi.

Izitho zokuhlala kanye nezitho ezifanayo

Ezinye izitho zezilwane nezitshalo, naphezu kwemisebenzi ehlukahlukene, zinemvelaphi evamile. Isibonelo, amadevu wepea anamathele ekusekelweni kwesitshalo, kanti ama-spikes amacacisi anciphisa amandla okushisa kwamanzi. Kodwa kuzo zombili izimo, lezi zakhiwo ziguqulwa amaqabunga. Lesi simo sinegama layo - izitho zangasese zezitho.

Kodwa inaliti ye-barberry ne-spike e-raspberry inemvelaphi ehlukile. Esikhathini sokuqala, lezi zingamahlamvu asohlangothini, futhi esimweni sesibili iziqephu zendwangu yesikhumba. Izitho ezinjalo zibizwa ngokuthi ezifanayo. Amaphiko amakhulu okhozi namagundane amancane ahlukile. Nakuba ukubuka kuqala kunzima ukunquma, ngoba zonke lezi zakhiwo zinikeza indiza. Kodwa izinyoni zishintsha imilenze yangaphambili, ehlanganiswe nempaphe. Futhi ngezinambuzane, amaphiko amelela ukuphakama kwezimbozo. Izitho zomzimba zitholakala ngaphansi komzimba futhi azihlanganyeli endizeni.

Izitho zokuhlala nezizwe ezifanayo ziwubufakazi obuqondile bomthombo ovamile wezilwane ezihlukahlukene. Futhi ukungafani kwezici zesakhiwo sabo kubangelwa ukujwayela ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene kanye nendlela yokuphila.

Iziphi izitho ezibizwa ngokuthi i-homologous: izibonelo

Isibonelo esivamile kunazo zonke se-homology yizinto eziphambili ze-vertebrates. Izinhlanzi ze-Whale kanye nehlengethwa, izinyoni nezinyawo zamapulangwe, izandla zomuntu, izinyawo zomvukuzi nezinkozi zenza imisebenzi ehlukene. Kodwa isakhiwo sabo siyafana. Zonke lezi ziyizimbangela zezilwane ezinamahlumela ezikhethiwe, ezakhiwe izingxenye ezintathu: ihlombe, i-forearm kanye nesandla.

Ezingxenyeni ezithandanayo kukhona nokuhlukahluka kwezihlumela zezitshalo ezahlukene. Kunokungafani okuphawulekayo kwisakhiwo sangaphandle nemisebenzi. I-rhizome ye-lily-of-the-valley isilinde ama-interstices, i-tuber tuber ihlanganisa ukuhlinzeka ngamanzi nezakhi, kanti anyanisi we-anyanisi yisisekelo sokufaka amaqabunga amahlumela. Kodwa-ke, zonke izitho zangasese, izibonelo zazo esizicabangayo, zinesakhiwo esijwayelekile sokuphepha. Kodwa akusikho konke! Ukucabangela ukuthi yiziphi izitho ezibizwa ngokuthi i-homologous, umuntu angasebenzisa nesibonelo sokuguqulwa kwezimpande. Isitho esingaphansi kwesitshalo sezitshalo singahluka kakhulu ngaphansi kwezimo ezahlukene zokukhula. Ngakho-ke, ku rutabaga kanye ne-izaqathe i-rootens enkulu i-thickens, igcina izakhi. Izitshalo ezinjalo ngonyaka wokuqala awunikeli imbewu. Ekwindla, izitho zabo zangaphakathi ziyafa, futhi ngenxa yesitshalo sezitshalo ezingaphansi komhlaba, lesi sitshalo sinenkathi ebandayo. Ukuguqulwa okunjalo kuyimpendulo yombuzo wokuthi yiziphi izitho zangasese. Izibonelo zazo nazo zomoya, ukuphefumula nokunamathela izimpande.

Ukuthunjwa nokubukwa

Ubufakazi bokuziphatha ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo nakho kuyizitho ezingcolile. Lezi yizingxenye zezitshalo nezilwane ezingathuthuki. Kubantu, lena yi-ijwabu leso lesithathu, umugqa wesibili wamazinyo, kanye nemisipha ehambisa i-auricle.

Izimpawu eziphambene nama-rudiments ziyakwazi. Lokhu kubonakaliswa kwezici zokhokho abangafani nabanye balezi zilwane. Isibonelo, ukuthuthukiswa komgogodla we-coccygeal, ubuciko obukhulu, izinwele eziqinile kubantu. Uma sicabangela izilwane, zenza i-atavism ukuthuthukiswa kwezitho zangasese ezinhlathini nezinyoka.

Ngakho-ke, izitho zokuzimela, izibonelo zazo ezacatshangwa esihlokweni sethu, kanye nama-analogies, ama-rudiments kanye nezivumelwane yizibonakaliso zokuziphatha eziphathelene nenqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Lezi zimpawu zibonakala kuzo zombili izilwane nezitshalo. Izitho zomphakathi zibizwa ngokuthi izakhiwo ezinesakhiwo esivamile, kodwa zihlukile emisebenzini eyenziwe. Ukuba khona kwezici ezibalwe kubantu kubonisa ukuthi kuvelaphi ezilwaneni ngenxa yokuguqulwa kwemvelo.