Insimbi eningi yeductile igolide

Igolide iyinsimbi ethandwa kakhulu emlandweni, kumasiko, emnothweni. Ukuze kube khona, imifula yegazi yachithwa, izingxabano zomndeni zaqhamuka, ngisho nezimpi zahlaselwa. Ukubaluleka kwayo yonke impucuko yabantu isekelwe ezindaweni zayo eziyingqayizivele zamakhemikhali nezomzimba, ngezici zesakhiwo sangaphakathi.

Igolide iyinsimbi eningi kakhulu ye-ductile. Lekhwalithi yenza kube yikufunwa kuyo yonke indawo: kusuka ekuhlobheni kuya kuma-microelectronics.

Insimbi eningi kakhulu "yensimbi"

Egolide zonke izakhiwo ezivelele kakhulu ososayensi abazibiza ngokuthi insimbi ziyagxila. Ngokuqhuba komshini kagesi, kuyesibili kuphela esiliva, ithusi ne-palladium ehlanzekile. By conductivity ezishisayo - isiliva efanayo, ithusi kanye cobalt. Ngekhono lokuthola amandla okushisa, igolide liyinto yesibili nje kuphela ye-bismuth exotic, ngaphambi kwe-mercury nesiliva. Ngokusho kwamanye izindawo "zensimbi" - ukungasebenzi kahle nokubonakaliswa kokukhanya - yiyona iqhawe. Igolide iyinsimbi epulasitiki kunazo zonke emhlabeni, futhi ubuhlakani bayo buyingqayizivele.

Isakhiwo se-molecular yegolide futhi "sinsimbi" kakhulu. I-crystal lattice elungile ye-geometrically nge-ions ezihle kulezi zindawo futhi ifu le-"electronic" gas ligcwele ukuhlushwa phakathi kwabo. Le ngxenye ye-athomu yakhiwe ngama-electron mahhala asezingeni eliphezulu langaphandle. Bakha amandla okuheha phakathi kwezindawo zokugcina izakhiwo, okuqinisekisa ukuthi ikhono lensimbi lizoqeda ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ubuqotho bonke. Ngakho-ke insimbi eningi kakhulu ye-ductile ihlelwe.

Ukunqunywa kwe-plasticity

Kusuka kwisiGreki Πλαστική ("ukudweba", "ukufanisa") kwakukhona igama elithi "ipulasitiki", elinikezela izimpande kwabanye, lixhunywe noguquko ekubunjweni komzimba oqinile. I-plasticity yindawo yomzimba oqinile ukushintsha ukuma nokulinganisa kwayo nokugcina ukuguquguquka kwesimiso ngemuva kokuqedwa kwesenzo samandla angaphandle ngaphandle kokushintsha ivolumu nokuphula ubuqotho.

Ukuze uthole izinsimbi, lokhu kungenye yezici ezibaluleke kakhulu ezenza kube lula ukuzisebenzisa ngokusebenza. Ngaphandle kokuthi kungenzeka ukufaka ifomu elifunayo kwi-preforms yensimbi, ngeke kwenzeke ngisho nokwakha izinto ezilula zomndeni. Igolide iyinsimbi eningi kakhulu ye-ductile, futhi ama-athikili akhiwe ngayo yisibonelo somuphi uhlobo onganikezwa ngokwanele ngezinto eziphathekayo ngokufaka, ukucindezela, ukugubha, ukudweba, ukudweba, njll.

Ukuhlolwa kwepulasitiki

Izici ze-ductility zezinsimbi zivame ukutholakala ekuhlolweni kwe-static. Okubonisa kakhulu ukuhlolwa kokuqapha. Ukuthola ukuthi yiyiphi insimbi eningi kakhulu yepulasitiki, kubalulekile ukulandela amasampula amathonya afana nesimo esifanayo ngaphansi kokushisa okufanayo. Inani lokwehlisa ukuthi isampuli yensimbi ingakwazi ukumelana nokubhujiswa kuyinkomba yomgomo we-plasticity.

Ukubonakaliswa kwezinombolo zomphumela wezivivinyo zokuphikisana yizikhombisi ezimbili eziyinhloko. Isilinganiso esilandelayo yisilinganiso sezinga elikhuphukile lesampula emva kokuphazamiseka okubangelwa ukuguqulwa, kokuqala. Insimbi epulasitiki kakhulu - igolide - inenani lika-65%. Ukuqhathanisa: ngensimbi - 40-50, for aluminium - 30-40.

Inkomba yesibili yepulastiki yilezi zihluthulelo zesigaba esiphambene nesampula. Egolide, ingxenye yokuqala yesampula i-90% emikhulu kunaleyo engakaye ngaphambi kwekhefu. Ngo-aluminium, lesi sibalo singu-80%, sethusi - 75%.

I-soft, i-viscous futhi ihlala njalo

Emkhakheni we-Mohs ubulukhuni egolide, isibalo si-2.5-3.7. Ngendlela ehlanzekile, le nsimbi ilula kakhulu kunezinto eziningi ezisetshenzisiwe kakhulu futhi ihlonywe ngommese noma ngisho nomunwe. Ngakho-ke, ukugwema ukugqoka okusheshayo kwemikhiqizo yegolide, izakhi ezikhethekile zogxilongo, ngokuvamile isiliva noma ithusi, zengezwe ensimbi yokwenza kwazo. Kukhona nokungcola okulimazayo kwegolide. Insimbi enamandla kunazo zonke etafuleni lakwaMendeleev phambi kokuhola, i-platinum, i-cadmium noma i-sulfuri iba yincithakalo.

Ukunciphisa kwegolide kuyimvelo ekhethekile, kuhlanganiswa yi-viscosity yayo kanye ne-ductility. Ukulungiswa kokubunjwa nokucutshungulwa kwezingxenye zezobuchwepheshe kuhlanganiswa ngamandla aphezulu okuyi-3300 kg / cm ² . Inhlanganisela enjalo eyingqayizivele yezimpawu zomzimba ezenziwe ngokomzimba nezisetshenziswa kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Isibonelo ihlamvu legolide.

Amakhaya aseRussia agcwele igolide elihlanzekile ...

Naphezu komlando omude wezimayini zegolide, le nsimbi ibilokhu ingavamile futhi iyigugu. Lena yimbi ye-ductile. Le mfanelo yenza ukusetshenziswa kwe- foil yegolide yokuhlobisa okuhlobisa izakhi zangaphakathi noma ukumboza izindleko zendlu esontweni. Ukumboza indawo enkulu, kuyadingeka insimbi enenani eliyigugu kakhulu: igramu eyodwa yepuleti ingafakwa engxenyeni eyi-1 m ² .

Ngisho nendlela yokukhiqiza amashidi ekwakhiweni kwempahla yenza kube lula ukufezekisa ubukhulu obuyizinkulungwane eziyi-millimeter. Lokhu kukhululeka kuvumela igolide yeplates ukuba ibambelele phezulu ngenxa yokukhangwa kwamangqamuzana. Ubuchwepheshe bokuthola i-sushi buye kwathuthukiswa kakhulu. Manje, imigqa ye-robotic isetshenziselwa ukwehlisa amapuleti egolide, kodwa inqubo isekelwe epulasitiki ephezulu yezinto zokuqala.

I-Golden Thread

Ikhono legolide lokumelana nokucindezeleka kokucindezeleka ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka kuyaziwa kusukela ekuqaleni kokusetshenziswa kwayo kwezebhizinisi. Ukwakhiwa kwale ngcingo yezinto zokucweba kwakhiwa ezikhathini zasendulo - amakhosi asezindaweni zasendulo kakade azi ukuthi iyiphi insimbi epulasitiki eningi kakhulu. Phakathi nekhulu lama-XX, i-microwire enekhanda legolide, okwakhiwa ngisho nokufakwa kwepulasitiki kwaba izikhathi ezingu-7 ezincane kunezinwele zomuntu. Kusuka ku-1 igremu yensimbi, intambo egolide eqhubekayo engaba ngu-3.5 km ubude idonswe.

Ubuchwepheshe banamuhla bulethe ukuqina kwetambo legolide kwi microns eziningana, ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwezinzuzo zezobuchwepheshe zensimbi kuyaqhubeka.