Yini i-electron ehlanganisa? Imisa nokukhokhwa kwe-electron

I-Electron iyinhlayiya eyisisekelo, enye yalezo eziyizinhlaka zesakhiwo. Ngokuhlelwa yi-fermion (i-particle ene-half-integer spin, ebizwa ngokuthi i-physicist E. Fermi) kanye ne-lepton (izinhlayiyana ezinezinhlamvu eziningana ezingabandakanyeki ekusebenzisaneni okuqinile, enye yezinto ezine ezisemqoka e-physics). Inombolo ye-baryon ye-electron ilingana no-zero, kanye namanye ama-lepton.

Kuze kube yamuva, kwakucatshangwa ukuthi i-electron iyinhlangano eyisisekelo, okungukuthi, isakhiwo esingenalutho, kodwa ososayensi manje banombono ohlukile. Yini i-electron ehlanganiswayo ngokuvumelana nemibono yocwaningo lwezesayensi zanamuhla?

Umlando Wesihloko

Ngisho naseGrisi lasendulo, izazi zemvelo zaqaphela ukuthi i-amber, evuliwe ngaphambilini, idonsela izinto ezincane ngokwayo, okungukuthi, ibonisa izindawo zokushisa kagesi. Igama layo lamukelwa yi-electron kusuka ku-Greek ἤλεκτρον, okusho ukuthi "amber". Leli gama laphakanyiswa nguJ. Stoney ngo-1894, nakuba i-particle ngokwayo yafunyanwa nguJ. Thompson ngo-1897. Ukuthola ukuthi kwakunzima, isizathu salokhu ubukhulu obuncane, futhi ukukhokhwa kwe-electron kwakunokuhlangenwe nakho kokuthola isinqumo esinqunyiwe. Izithombe zokuqala ze-particle zitholwe nguCharles Wilson esebenzisa ikhamera ekhethekile, esetshenziselwa ngisho nokuhlolwa kwamanje futhi kuthiwe ngegama lakhe.

Iqiniso elithakazelisayo ukuthi enye yezinto ezidingekayo zokuthola i-electron yizwi likaBenjamin Franklin. Ngo-1749, waba nesimo sokuthi ugesi uyisisetshenziswa somzimba. Kwakusemisebenzini yakhe ukuthi amagama anjalo njengamajaji amahle nokubi, i-capacitor, ukukhishwa, ibhethri ne-particle kagesi kwase kusetshenziswe okokuqala. Ukukhokhwa okuqondile kwe-electron kubhekwa njengento engalungile, kanti iphrotheni icatshangwa ukuthi ilungile.

Ukutholakala kwe-electron

Ngo-1846 umqondo othi "i-athomu kagesi" waqala ukusetshenziswa emisebenzini yakhe yi-physicist waseJalimane uWilhelm Weber. UMichael Faraday wathola leli gama elithi "ion", okuyi-manje, mhlawumbe, basasazi ebhentshini lesikole. Abaningi ososayensi abavelele, njenge-physicist waseJalimane nesazi sezibalo uJulius Plukker, uJean Perren, isazi sezinsizi saseNgilandi uWilliam Crookes, u-Ernst Rutherford nabanye abahilelekile ekutheni ugesi.

Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokuba uJoseph Thompson agcwalise ngempumelelo isipiliyoni sakhe esidumile futhi wabonisa ukuba khona kwe-particle encane kune-athomu, ososayensi abaningi basebenze kule ndawo, futhi ukutholakala kwakungenakwenzeka, uma bengenzi lo msebenzi omkhulu.

Ngo-1906, uJoseph Thompson wathola umklomelo weNobel. Ukuhlolwa kwakulandelayo: ngokusebenzisa amapulangwe ensimbi afanayo okwenza insimu kagesi, i-cathode ray imisebe yadluliswa. Khona-ke kwakudingeka benze ngendlela efanayo, kodwa kakade ngokusebenzisa uhlelo lwamakhoyili owadala insimu yamagnetic. UThomas Thompson wathola ukuthi imisebe ibonwe ngaphansi kwesenzo sensimbi kagesi, futhi okufanayo kwakuboniswa nge-magnetic action, kodwa izigxobo ze-cathode ray azizange zishintshe umzila uma zenziwa yizo zombili izinkambu kwezinye izilinganiso ezithile, ezixhomeke ekuvinjeni kwezinhlayiya.

Ngemva kokubala, uTh Thompson wafunda ukuthi ukuhamba kwalezi zinhlayiyana kwakuphansi kakhulu kunejubane lokukhanya, okusho ukuthi babeningi. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, izazi ze-physics ziye zakholelwa ukuthi izinhlayiya ezivulekile zendaba ziyingxenye ye-athomu, kamuva eqinisekiswa yizivivinyo zikaRutherford. Wabiza ngokuthi "uhlobo lweplanethi ye-athomu."

I-paradoxes ye-Quantum World

Umbuzo walokho i-electron iqukethe kunzima kakhulu, okungenani kulesi sigaba sokuthuthukiswa kwesayensi. Ngaphambi kokucubungula, umuntu kufanele aphenduke enye yezinto eziqhathaniswayo ze-physic quantum, ngisho noma ososayensi abakwazi ukuchaza. Lokhu kuyilingo oludumile ngezintambo ezimbili, echaza uhlobo olubili lwe-electron.

Isisekelo salo sisebandleni lokuthi ngaphambi kokuba "isibhamu" siguqule izinhlayiya, kufakwe ifreyimu enezimpande ezibomvu. Ngemuva kukhona udonga lapho kutholakala khona amathrekhi azobanjwa. Ngakho okokuqala sidinga ukuqonda ukuthi udaba luziphatha kanjani. Indlela elula yokucabanga ukuthi amabhola we-tennis aqaliswa kanjani ngomshini. Amanye amabhola awela emgodini, futhi imidwebo yokushaya edongeni yengezwe emgqeni owodwa. Uma ukude ukufaka enye yomgodi ofanayo, imidwebo izokwakha, ngokulandelana, amaqembu amabili.

Ama-wave kulesi simo aziphatha ngendlela ehlukile. Uma kunezibonakaliso zokushayisana ngogagasi odongeni, ke uma kwenzeka emgodini owodwa, lo mhlubo uzoba owodwa. Noma kunjalo, konke kuguquka esimweni slits ezimbili. Umvuthwandaba, odabula emigodini, uhlukaniswe ngesigamu. Uma phezulu komunye wamagagasi uhlangana nengxenye engezansi komunye, bayacima, futhi iphethini lokuphazanyiswa livela odongeni (amaqembu amaningana aqondile). Izindawo ezingxenyeni zamagagasi zizoshiya umkhondo, kodwa azikho izindawo lapho kukhona ukucima komunye.

Ukutholakala okumangalisayo

Ngosizo lokulingwa okuchazwe ngenhla, ososayensi bangabonisa ngokucacile umhlaba umehluko phakathi kwe-physics ne-classical physics. Lapho beqala ukubhoboza odongeni ngama-electron, kubonisa ukulandelana okuvamile: ezinye izinhlayiya, njengama-tennis amabhola, zawela emgodini, kanti abanye abazange bawenze. Kodwa konke kwashintsha lapho kuvela umgodi wesibili. Iphethini lokuphazamiseka livele odongeni! Ekuqaleni, izazi ze-physics zanquma ukuthi ama-electron aphazamisana, futhi wanquma ukuwayeka ngesikhathi esisodwa. Kodwa-ke, ngemva kwamahora ambalwa (ijubane lokuhambisa ama-electron liphansi kakhulu kunejubane lokukhanya), iphethini lokuphazanyiswa liphinde lavela.

Ukuphenduka okungalindelekile

I-elektrononi, kanye nezinye izinhlayiya, njenge-photons, ibonisa ubuciko bomhlaba (i-"quantum-wave dualism"). Njengenkathi yeSchrodinger, ephilile futhi efile, isimo se-electron singaba kokubili okuyi-corpuscular and wave.

Kodwa-ke, isinyathelo esilandelayo kulokhu kuhlolwa saholela emfihlekelweni eyengeziwe: inhlayiya eyisisekelo, wonke umuntu obonakala sengathi uyayazi, yanikeza isimangalo esimangalisayo. I-physicists yanquma ukufaka endaweni yokuvula idivaysi yokubona ukulungisa, okuyinto lapho ihlumela izinhlayiya zidlula khona, nokuthi zibonakalisa kanjani njengegagasi. Kodwa ngokushesha nje lapho kusetshenzwa indlela yokubuka, kwaphela amaqembu amabili kuphela odongeni, ahambisana nezimbobo ezimbili, futhi akukho ndlela yokuphazamiseka! Lapho nje "ukuthunjwa" kususwe, i-particle yaphinde yaqala ukubonisa izakhi zomsindo, njengokungathi wayazi ukuthi akekho owalindelayo.

Enye inkolelo

I-physicist Bourne yaphakamisa ukuthi i-particle ayibe yinto engumqondo wangempela wezwi. I-electron "iqukethe" umvuthwandaba okungenzeka uqobo, inikeza iphethini lokuphazanyiswa. Lezi zinhlayiyana zinezinto zokubeka phezulu, okungukuthi, zingaba kunoma iyiphi indawo ngethuba elithile, ngakho-ke zingahambisana ne "wave" efanayo.

Noma kunjalo, umphumela usobala: ukuba khona komuntu obukayo kuyathinta umphumela wokuhlola. Kubonakala kungavamile, kodwa akusilo kuphela isibonelo salolu hlobo. I-physicists nayo yaqhuba izilinganiso ezingxenyeni ezinkulu zezinto, lapho into leyo yayiyingxenye encane yesikhumba se-aluminium. Ososayensi baphawula ukuthi iqiniso lokuthi izilinganiso ezithile zathonya ukushisa kwento yodwa. Ubuhlobo bezinto ezinjalo, abakwazi ukuchaza.

Isakhiwo

Kodwa i-electron ihlanganisa ngani? Okwamanje, isayensi yanamuhla ayikwazi ukuphendula lo mbuzo. Kuze kube yamuva, kwakubhekwa njengenhlayiya eyisisekelo engabonakali, manje ososayensi bathambekele eqinisweni lokuthi liqukethe izakhiwo ezincane.

Ukukhokhiswa kwe-electron ngokuqondile kwakubhekwa njengesiqalo sasekhaya, kepha i-quarks enezindleko ezincane manje sezivulekile. Kunemibono eminingi mayelana nokuthi i-electron iqukethe.

Namuhla ungabona izihloko lapho kuthiwa ukuthi ososayensi bakwazi ukuhlukanisa i-electron. Noma kunjalo, lokhu kuyingxenye yeqiniso kuphela.

Ukuhlolwa Okusha

Ososayensi baseSoviet kakade eminyakeni engamashumi ayisishiyagalombili ekhulwini lokugcina baphakamisa ukuthi i-electron ingase ihlukaniswe zibe izingxenye ezintathu ze-quasiparticles. Ngo-1996, kwakungenzeka ukuhlukanisa ibe spinon kanye neHlon, futhi uVan den Brink kanye neqembu lakhe lwakamuva uchwepheshe wezinhlayiyana zahlukaniswa zibe spinon kanye orbiton. Noma kunjalo, ukwehlukaniswa kungatholakala kuphela ngaphansi kwezimo ezikhethekile. Ukuhlolwa kungenziwa emazingeni aphansi kakhulu.

Lapho ama-electron "epholile phansi" kuya ku-zero ngokuphelele, futhi lokhu cishe--275 degrees Celsius, bavele bayeke futhi bahlele uhlobo lodaba phakathi kwabo, njengokuhlanganiswa kokuyingxenye eyodwa. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo, izazi ze-physics ziyakwazi ukugcina iziphazamisi, lapho i-electron "iqukethe".

Ulwazi lithwala

Ingqikithi ye electron incane kakhulu, ingu-2.81794 ^. 10 ^-13 cm, kodwa kubonakala ukuthi izingxenye zayo zincane kakhulu. Ingxenye ngayinye yezingxenye ezintathu, ezikwazi "ukwehlukanisa" i-electron, ithatha ulwazi mayelana nayo. I-Orbiton, njengoba igama lisikisela, iqukethe idatha kumagagasi omzimba we-particle. I-Spinon inesibopho se-electron, futhi i-holon isitshela ngecala. Ngakho-ke, izazi ze-physic can ziqaphele ngokwehlukana izifunda ezahlukene zama-electron endaweni epholile kakhulu. Bakwazi ukulandelela amabili we "holon-spinon" nethi "spinon-orbiton", kodwa hhayi yonke into emithathu ndawonye.

Ubuchwepheshe obusha

Izazi ze-physics ezathola i-electron kwakudingeka zilinde iminyaka eminingana kuze kube yilapho ukutholakala kwabo kusetshenziswe ekusebenzeni. Esikhathini sethu, ubuchwepheshe busetshenziselwa eminyakeni embalwa, khumbula nje i-graphene - impahla emangalisayo, ehlanganisa ama-athomu e-carbon endaweni eyodwa. Yini ezoba usizo ekuqhekekeni kwe-electron? Ososayensi babikezela ukuthi kwakhiwa ikhompiyutha ye-quantum, esheshayo, ekubonweni kwayo, izikhathi eziphindwe izikhathi eziyishumi kunamakhompyutha anamandla kunamanje.

Iyini imfihlo yobuchwepheshe bekhompiyutha ye-quantum? Lokhu kungabizwa ngokuthi ukulungiswa okulula. Kumakhomphyutha ajwayelekile, ucezu oluncane lokungabonakali kolwazi luyinto encane. Futhi uma sicabanga ngedatha njengokuthile okubukwayo, khona-ke kunezinketho ezimbili kuphela zomshini. A kancane ingaqukatha noma zero noma eyodwa, okungukuthi, izingxenye ikhodi kanambambili.

Indlela entsha

Manje ake sicabange ukuthi le nto iqukethe i-zero, futhi iyunithi "yinani le-quantum", noma "i-cuebit." Indima yezinguquko ezilula izodlalwa yi-electron spin (ingashintsha noma i-clockwise noma i-counterclockwise). Ngokungafani ne-bit elula, i-cuebit ingenza imisebenzi eminingana ngesikhathi esisodwa, ngenxa yalokhu, futhi kuyoba nokwanda ngesivinini sokusebenza, inqwaba encane nokukhokhwa kwe-electron lapha akunandaba.

Ungachaza lokhu ngesibonelo se-labyrinth. Ukuze uphume kuwo, kuzomele uzame izinketho eziningi ezihlukene, okuvela kuzo eyodwa kuphela. Ikhompiyutha yendabuko ingakwazi ukuxazulula izinkinga ngokushesha, kodwa nganoma isiphi isikhathi esisodwa ingasebenza ngenye inkinga eyodwa. Uzohamba ngenye indlela zonke izinto ezihlukahlukene zendlela, futhi ekugcineni uzothola. Ikhompiyutha ye-quantum, ngenxa yobuningi be-cuebits, ingaxazulula izinkinga eziningi ngesikhathi esisodwa. Uzocubungula zonke izinketho ezingenakwenzeka, hhayi, kodwa ngesikhathi esisodwa ngesikhathi, futhi uzoxazulula le nkinga. Ububunzima kuze kube manje kuphela ukuphoqelela eziningi ze-quanta ukuba zisebenze ngomsebenzi owodwa - lokhu kuzoba yisisekelo sekhompyutha entsha yesizukulwane.

Isicelo

Abantu abaningi basebenzisa ikhompuyutha ezingeni lomkhaya. Ngalokhu, kuyilapho ama-PC avamile enza kahle, noma kunjalo, ukubikezela izenzakalo ezixhomeke ezinkulungwaneni, futhi mhlawumbe amakhulu ezinkulungwane zezinguquko, umshini kufanele ube mkhulu kakhulu. Ikhompiyutha ye-quantum ingakwazi ukubhekana kalula nezinto ezinjengokubikezela isimo sezulu inyanga, ukucubungula idatha ngezinhlekelele zemvelo nokuzibikezela, futhi nokwenza izibalo eziyinkimbinkimbi zezibalo eziningana eziguquguqukayo phakathi kwesibili sokuhlukanisa, zonke zineprosesa yama-athomu amaningana. Ngakho-ke, mhlawumbe maduzane amakhompiyutha ethu anamandla kakhulu azoba nesisindo ngephepha.

Ukulondolozwa kwezempilo

Ubuchwepheshe bekhompiyutha ye-Quantum buzosiza kakhulu emithi. Isintu siyoba nesethulo sokwakha ama-nanomechanisms ngekhono elinamandla kunabo bonke, ngosizo lwabo ngeke kwenzeke kuphela ukuxilonga izifo ngokumbuka wonke umzimba ngaphakathi, kodwa futhi ukuhlinzeka usizo lwezokwelapha ngaphandle kokungenelela okuhlinzayo: ama-robot amancane kunazo zonke "abanezinkinga" zekhompyutha ehle kakhulu azokwazi ukwenza yonke imisebenzi.

I-revolution emkhakheni wezemidlalo yekhompyutha ayinakugwenywa. Imishini enamandla ekwazi ukuxazulula izinkinga ngokuzenzekelayo izokwazi ukudlala imidlalo ngehluzo eziyinkimbinkimbi, hhayi kude kakade imilayezo yekhompuyutha ngokucwiliswa okugcwele.