Imisebenzi yodonga lweseli: ukusekela, ukuthutha, ukuvikela

I-apparatus yendawo ingxenyeni ebalulekile yimuphi umakhalekhukhwini kanye neziningi zezingxenye zayo. Yenza imisebenzi ebalulekile. Indlela i- membrane yeseli esebenza ngayo , isakhiwo nemisebenzi yalolu sakhiwo - konke kuzoxoxwa ngakho esihlokweni sethu.

Isisindo somlenze weselula

Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi iseli liyingxenye encane kunazo zonke ezakhiwe futhi ezisebenzayo zomzimba, futhi izingxenye zayo eziyinhloko ziyizinto eziphezulu, i-cytoplasm nama-organelles. Noma kunjalo, isakhiwo sayo singacatshangwa ngendlela ehlukile. Noma yiliphi isisetshenziswa uhlelo lwezinambuzane eziphilayo. NgeLatin, leli gama lisho "ifilimu" noma "ikhasi". Ngakho, phezulu amangqamuzana agcwele i-plasma membrane. Kodwa imvelo yangaphakathi yeseli ihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezihlukene ngosizo lwezakhiwo zangaphakathi ezifanayo. Isakhiwo esinjalo sinikeza indawo yokubeka izindawo ezihlukahlukene kanye nezinqubo zamakhemikhali.

Ukwakhiwa nokusebenza kwamakhamera eseli

Imodeli ekhona yesakhiwo se-membrane ye-biological ibizwa ngokuthi i-liquid-mosaic. It isekelwe ungqimba kabili lipids, izingxenye hydrophilic ezibhekene ngaphandle. Lezi yiqembu lama-phosphate lalezi zinto. Kodwa izingxenye ze-hydrophobic ze-lipids, eziyi-compounds of fatty acids, zibhekene ne-bilayer. Ingxenye elandelayo yamangqamuzana eseli ngamaphrotheni. Ezinye zazo zingenasici futhi zitholakala ngaphandle, ezinye zibhekene ne-double layer ye lipids ezinzulwini ezihlukene. Lesi sakhiwo sivumela iseli ukuba lenze izinqubo ezivivinyayo zokuzivikela, ukusabalalisa, ukuphakama kanye nezinqubo ze-pinocytosis.

I-overmembrane cell complexes

Izakhiwo eziqhuba imisebenzi eyengeziwe zitholakala ngaphezu kwekhanda le- plasma . Ezingqamuzaneni zezitshalo, isikhunta nama-bacteria, zimelelwa udonga lweseli. Kodwa izilwane zinesakhiwo esifanayo i-glycocalyx. Inikeza ukuxhumana okuqondile kweseli nemvelo, ukulawula ukudla okukhethiwe kwezinto. Imisebenzi yodonga lwamangqamuzana ingenxa yezici zayo ezihlelekile, okungafani neze nesakhiwo esifanayo samaseli esilwane.

Ukwakhiwa kwodonga lweseli

Isakhiwo samakhemikhali esodongeni lwamaseli emaqenjini ahlukene ezinto eziphilayo ahlukile ngokuhlukile. Ezitshalweni yizona ezimbi kakhulu. Lo mhlaba uqinisekiswa ngokuba khona kwamafayili e-cellulose angenayo i-insoluble eqoqwe ngezinqwaba. Yile-carbohydrate eyinkimbinkimbi eyenza izindonga zezitshalo zezitshalo zibe namandla nokuqina. Ungasho ukuthi luhlobo lwama-skeleton. Ukubunjwa kanye nokusebenza kwodonga lwamaseli ezinhlobonhlobo zezicubu zingashintsha kakhulu. Isibonelo, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amaseli enye yezinhlobo zezicubu zokumboza, okuthiwa i-cork, zihlanganiswe ne-fatty substance suberin. Umphumela wukuphela kokuqukethwe kwangaphakathi nokuhlinzekwa komsebenzi osekelayo. Inqubo efanako ibonakala emaqenjini amathanga aqhuba izitshalo, njll. Ziba izakhiwo ezingenalutho, ngenxa yalokho okuba khona ukufeza izinto. Inqubo ye-lignification ingenxa yokuthi izikhala phakathi kwamafayili e-cellulose zigcwalisa elinye i-carbohydrate eyinkimbinkimbi - lignin. Kwenyuka kakhulu amandla okusebenza kwamanzi.

Ngesikhunta, isisekelo sodonga lwamaseli sakhiwa nama polysaccharides. Noma kunjalo, akuyona i-cellulose, kodwa i-chitin ne-glycogen. Lesi sici sesakhiwo esenza sihlotshaniswe nezilwane. Kodwa umsebenzi wodonga lwamangqamuzana ebhaktheriya unikeza uxhumano oluyinkimbinkimbi lwe-carbohydrate namaprotheni. Ibizwa nge-peptidoglycan noma i-murine. Lesi sici siyisici kuphela samangqamuzana ezinhlobo ze-prokaryotic futhi senza imisebenzi yemishini.

Imisebenzi yodonga lweseli

Naphezu kokungafani okuphawulekayo ekwakhiweni kwamakhemikhali, izindonga zeseli zamaqembu ahlukahlukene eziphilayo zinezici ezifanayo. Imisebenzi yabo eyinhloko ukuhlinzeka ukusekela, ukuvikelwa kanye nokusetshenziswa komzimba. Udonga lwamaseli lugcina isimo esihlala njalo. Ivikela konke okuqukethwe kwangaphakathi emiphumeleni yemvelo yemvelo. Imisebenzi yodonga lwamaseli nayo iphinde isebenze inqubo eqhubekayo yamanzi engena esitokisini ngezakhi ezincibilikisiwe kuwo nangendlela ehlukile.

Ukufaneleka komdanso weseli

Inqubo ye-metabolism, eyenza udonga lwamaseli, kungenzeka ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo. Le mpahla ibonakala ekusebenzeni kwezinqubo ezimbili ezingenayo. Okokuqala kuthiwa i-plasmolysis. Iqukethe esakhiweni sohlaka lwe-cytoplasm eliseduze ngqo nodonga lweseli. Kulokhu, izimo ezithile ziyadingeka. I-plasmolysis ivele, ngokwesibonelo, ngokubeka i-cell nge-concentrations ephakeme kasawoti kunase-cytoplasm yayo. Inqubo eguquguqukayo ibizwa ngokuthi i-deplasmolysis.

Ngenxa yama-pores asezindongeni zezingqamuzana, kune-metabolism emkhatsini wamaseli. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokuqondile ngosizo lwe-plasmodesm. Lezi zindlela zindlela yokuthutha izinto. Badlula i-membrane ye-plasma futhi kukhona amashubhu angenalutho axhuma i-EPS yamangqamuzana angomakhelwane. Kulezi zinhlangano ukuthi ukuhlanganiswa nokuqoqwa kwazo zonke izinto ezidingekayo ekuthuthukiseni izinto eziphilayo kuvele.

Ngakho-ke, i-membrane yeseli, isakhiwo nemisebenzi esiye saxoxa ngayo esihlokweni sethu, iyinto evamile kuzo zonke izilwane. Ezitshalweni zezitshalo nama-bacteria, kanye nesifungulu, udonga lwamaseli luphezu kwalo. Yakhiwa yi-polysaccharides, eyinika amandla. Imisebenzi eyinhloko yodonga lwamaseli ukuvikela, ukusekela nokuthutha izinto.