Plant cell. Izici zezitshalo amaseli

NgoLwesine kutholakale isidumbu sendoda eziphilayo kungase kube omunye kuseli eyodwa, iqembu zabo noma yinhlanganisela omkhulu, ababebalelwa izigidigidi izakhiwo aphansi. Lezi zingozi zihlanganisa ama iningi izitshalo ephakeme. cwaningo kwamaseli - element eziyisisekelo isakhiwo nemisebenzi eziphilayo - waziphatha Cytology. Lokhu legatsha biology basungula ngokushesha ngemva kokutholakala kwe-microscope-electron, ekuthuthukiseni chromatography nezinye izindlela oyisazi samakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo. Cabangela izici eziyinhloko kanye izici kuyo ingqamuzana isitshalo lihlukile isakhiwo amayunithi kulencane isakhi amagciwane, isikhunta nezilwane.

amaseli Ukuvula R. uHooke

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela isakhiwo amabhlogo encane zonke ekuphileni siye savela, ulinganiswa emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka ngaphambili. Isakhiwo ulwelwesi zezitshalo maseli abonakale kuqala ngesibonakhulu usosayensi waseBrithani Robert uHooke. hlinzeka Jikelele iseli hypothesis washayelwa Schleiden futhi Schwann, ngaphambi kokwenza okutholakele efanayo ngabanye abacwaningi.

EyiNgisi Robert uHooke kuhlolwa kwesigaba isibonakhulu ka se-oki, futhi eletha imiphumela emhlanganweni we-Royal Society eLondon ngo-April 13, 1663 (ngokuvumelana kweminye imithombo, le senzakalo senzeka 1665). Kwavela ukuthi amagxolo isihlahla yakhiwa amangqamuzana amancane okuthiwa uHooke "amaseli." Izindonga kwalawa makamelo iphethini ngesimo njengekhekheba lezinyosi, usosayensi kubhekwe ophilayo daba kanti ingaphakathi neyaziwayo ezingaphili isakhiwo asizayo. Kamuva kwakutholakala ukuthi ngezitshalo nangezilwane amaseli aqukethe ikhemikhali, ngaphandle okuyinto babengeke baphile, futhi umsebenzi wonke umzimba.

iseli theory

Ukutholakala ezibalulekile R. uHooke yasungulwa imisebenzi ezinye izazi sengifunde isakhiwo amaseli kwezilwane nezitshalo. izakhi Okufanayo kwesakhiwo waphawula ososayensi ngesikhathi izigaba ezincane isikhunta ezinamangqamuzana amaningi. Kwatholakala ukuthi amayunithi isakhi izinto eziphilayo zinezici ikhono ukwehlukana. Kususelwa izifundo abameleli wesayensi yezinto eziphilayo e-Germany M. Schleiden noT Schwann washayelwa umbono wokuthi baba iseli theory.

Ukuqhathanisa lamaseli zezitshalo nezilwane nama-bacterium, ulwelwe nesikhunta ukuvumele abacwaningi German ukuza waphetha kanje: Robert uHooke wathola "ikhamera" - a amayunithi eziyisisekelo kwesakhiwo, nokufinyelela nabo izinqubo zokuphila bayinhliziyo eziphilayo kunalo lonke eMhlabeni. An Ngaphezu ezibalulekile ezenziwe R. Virchow ngo-1855, lo mbiko uvuma ukuthi division iseli - indlela kuphela ngezizathu zabo zizalela. Imfundiso yokuziphendukela Schleiden-Schwann ngezibuyekezo sekwande bamukeleke biology.

Cell - element owesincane isakhiwo kanye umsebenzi izitshalo

Ngokusho amalungiselelo ezincwadini Schleiden futhi Schwann, izwe organic ingenye olukhombisa isakhiwo esifanayo ezincane zezitshalo nezilwane. Ngaphandle kwalezi mikhakha emibili, khona kanye ukuphila cell sici isikhunta, amagciwane e-ukungabi khona amagciwane. Ukukhula nokuthuthuka eziphilayo bunikezwa ukuvela amangqamuzana amasha enqubeni sokuhlukanisa akhona.

amaningi - hhayi nje ekuqongeleleni timphawu tesakhiwo. amayunithi amancane kwesakhiwo nihlanganyele akha izicubu izitho. Oluncane eziphilayo zingaxhumani, okuyinto akubavimbeli ukuba ukudala amakoloni. Izici eziyinhloko amaseli:

• ikhono khona ezimele;
• umzimba siqu;
• self-nokubeletha;
• ukuthuthukiswa.

Esikhathini kwemvelo yokuphila esinye sezinyathelo ezibaluleke kakhulu kwaba ukuhlukana nucleus kusukela cytoplasm esebenzisa ulwelwesi zokuzivikela. Ukuxhumana iyagcinwa, ngoba ngaphandle lezi zakhiwo ayikho qobo. Manje ukwaba ezimbili superkingdom - eziphilayo-non-enuzi kanye zenuzi. Iqembu lesibili siqukethe izitshalo, isikhunta nezilwane, okuyinto bekwi ukutadisha izigaba ezifanele isayensi biology bebonke. Plant cell has a nucleus cytoplasm futhi organelles okuzokwenziwa ngenzasi.

A ezihlukahlukene plant cells

Ekuqaleni kwawo-ikhabe ezivuthiwe, apula noma amazambane kungabonwa ngeso lenyama isakhiwo "ingqamuzana", egcwele uketshezi. Lokhu izithelo parenchyma amaseli kokuba ububanzi 1 mm. Bast Imicu yotshani - isakhiwo side kokuba obuphelele kakhulu mkhulu kunezinhliziyo ububanzi. Ngokwesibonelo, yeseli isitshalo, othiwa ukotini ifinyelela ubude 65 mm. Bast fibre Ifilakisi Hemp babe Ubukhulu komugqa 40-60 mm. amaseli Abaningi bazizwa njengodade ingasaphathwa -20-50 microns. Cabangela lezi amabhlogo wokwakha amancane kuphela kube ngaphansi kwe-microscope. Izici amayunithi owesincane isakhiwo isitshalo umzimba ziyabonakala hhayi kuphela esime kanye nosayizi umehluko, kodwa futhi imisebenzi eyenziwa njengengxenye emisipheni.

Plant cell: izici eziyisisekelo isakhiwo

Nucleus futhi cytoplasm yiwona asondelene esihlobene futhi nihlanganyele, okuyinto kuqinisekiswa ososayensi ucwaningo. Lena ingxenye eyinhloko yeseli eukaryotic, bancike kuzo zonke ezinye izici ze-isakhiwo. Ikhenela esetshenziselwa ekuqongeleleni kanye ukudluliselwa ukwaziswa kwezakhi zofuzo adingekayo amaprotheni zamagama.

usosayensi waseBrithani Robert Brown ngo-1831 okokuqala waphawula kuseli isitshalo bomkhaya orchid umzimba ekhethekile (Nucleus). Kwakuyisikhathi core lizungezwe semi cytoplasm. Igama yalolu ketshezi uku kuhunyushwa kusukela esiGrekini ngoba "isisindo amangqamuzana ayinhloko." Kungaba liquid noma viscous, kodwa akusho lokho ngempela camera ulwelwesi. Engaphandle emgodleni amaseli ngokuyinhloko i-cellulose, lignin, wax. Omunye ezingaphathelana ukuhlukanisa amaseli zezitshalo nezilwane, - khona kwale odongeni okuqinile cellulosic.

Isakhiwo cytoplasm

Engxenyeni engaphakathi iseli isitshalo egcwele hyaloplasm okwesikhashana elimbudumbudu therein amancane. Vala okuthiwa igobolondo endoplasma iba ekzoplazmu viscous ngaphezulu. Kuyinto lezi izinto, zazo zigcwele isitshalo cell, bakhonza njengamaphayona endaweni ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kanye ezokuthutha uxhumano, ukubekwa organelles futhi inclusions.

Cishe 70-85% of the cytoplasm yamanzi, 10-20% kukhona amaprotheni namanye yizici zamakhemikhali - carbohydrate, lipids, compounds amaminerali. Plant amaseli abe cytoplasm, lapho phakathi ekupheleni-imikhiqizo ye zamagama abakhona bioregulators imisebenzi futhi esikhundleni izinto (amavithamini, ama-enzyme, amafutha, isitashi).

core

Ukuqhathanisa yezitshalo nezilwane amaseli ubonisa ukuthi banayo efanayo izakhiwo nucleus ku cytoplasm futhi bangazihluphi kuze kube u-20% umthamo yayo. I eyiNgisi R. Brown, okokuqala Ucabangelé ngaphansi ngesibonakhulu lokhu ebalulekile futhi unomphela zonke eukaryotes, wamnika igama kusukela lesiLatin elithi i-nucleus. Ukubukeka nuclei ngokuvamile correlates nge cell umumo kanye nosayizi, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi ezahlukene. izinto ezidingekayo isakhiwo - karyolymph ulwelwesi, le nucleolus futhi chromatin.

Ngo ulwelwesi uhlukanisa nucleus kusukela cytoplasm, kukhona ikhule ezimbotsheni. Ngemva kwalezi izinto faka kusuka nucleus kuya cytoplasm futhi emuva. Karyolymph kuyinto okuqukethwe liquid noma viscous kusuka zenuzi chromatin izifunda. I nucleolus iqukethe ribonucleic acid (RNA), engena phakathi cytoplasm we ribosome ukubamba iqhaza amaprotheni zamagama. Okunye nucleic acid - (DNA) deoxyribonucleic - ukhona inqwaba. DNA ne-RNA abangu eyaqala ukutholwa ngawo amaseli isilwane ngo-1869, kamuva wathola ezitshalweni. Core - iyona "esilawula" izinqubo intracellular, ulwazi isitoreji indawo nezakhi zofuzo of wonke umzimba.

reticulum Endoplasmic (EPS)

Isakhiwo izilwane nezitshalo amaseli has ziyezwana eqinile. Njalo ekhona cytoplasm we tubules kwangaphakathi egcwele imvelaphi ezahlukene kanye nendlela okwakheke ngayo izidakamizwa. ezihlukahlukene luyimbudumbudu EPS sehlukile khona olubushelelezi uhlobo ribosomes phezu ulwelwesi. Eyokuqala ohilelekile zamagama amaprotheni, wesibili kunendima ekwakhekeni ukudla okumahhadla nomoya-lipids. Njengoba abaphenyi esungulwe, iziteshi kungukuthi kuphela zingene cytoplasm, zihlobene organelle yeseli eziphilayo ngamunye. Ngakho-ke, ukubaluleka EPS kuyancomeka njengoba ilungu umzimba, uhlelo lokuxhumana nge imvelo.

ribosomes

Isakhiwo plant cells noma izilwane Kunzima ukucabanga ngaphandle kwalezi izinhlayiya ezincane. Ribosomes ezincane kakhulu, kungabonwa kuphela ngesibonakhulu electron. Ukwakheka amaseli yibona amaprotheni ribonucleic acid amangqamuzana, kukhona lemali ezincane calcium ne-magnesium ion. Cishe bonke amaseli bagxila RNA ku ribosomes, zinikeza amaprotheni zamagama, "ukukha" we amino acid namaprotheni. I amaprotheni abese kufakwa iziteshi kanye ukusabalala EPS inethiwekhi kulo lonke cell, ukungena ekujuleni kwenhliziyo.

mitochondria

Lezi organelles amaseli thola izitshalo zayo Ngamandla, kungabonwa begodu kukhula abavamile ukukhanya ngesibonakhulu. Isibalo mitochondria kuyahlukahluka ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo ebanzi kakhulu, bangase amayunithi abaningi noma izinkulungwane. Organelle isakhiwo akuyona iyinkimbinkimbi, kukhona ulwelwesi emibili-matrix ngaphakathi. I mitochondria aqukethe lipid amaprotheni, iDNA RNA, banesibopho biosynthesis ka ATP - triphosphate adenosine. Ngenxa yalesi imfuyo lwesitshalo noma lwesilwane amaseli libhekene khona phosphate ezintathu. I cleavage ngamunye wabo inikeza amandla adingekayo ukuze zonke izinqubo ezibalulekile kuseli uqobo, futhi wonke umzimba. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngokujoyina izinsalela of wali band acid kwenza kube ukudlulisela kanye nokugcina amandla njengoba enjalo kulo iseli.

Cabanga kulo mdwebo ongezansi phezu organelles cell bese unika igama labo kakade. Phawula bubble ezinkulu (vacuole) kanye plastids oluhlaza (chloroplast). Sizoxoxa kubo delshe.

Golgi eziyinkimbinkimbi

Inxanxathela siqukethe iseli organoid pellet ulwelwesi kanye vacuoles. Isakhiwo lavulwa ngo 1898 futhi yethiwa i sezinto eziphilayo Italy. Izici zezitshalo maseli njengoba ngokulinganayo basakaza Golgi izinhlayiya kulo lonke cytoplasm. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi leli eziyinkimbinkimbi liyadingeka ukulawulwa okuqukethwe amanzi kanye imfucuza imikhiqizo, susa impahla ngokweqile.

plastids

amaseli isitshalo izicubu kuphela eziqukethe organelles oluhlaza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona plastids kungekho nto enemibala emihle, ophuzi kanye orange. Ukwakheka kwazo ngokwama nemisebenzi nezitshalo kubonakala amandla, futhi bayakwazi ukushintsha umbala ngenxa zamakhemikhali. Izinhlobo ezinkulu plastids:

• orange futhi chromoplasts ophuzi kwakhiwa carotene ne xanthophylls;
• chloroplast equkethe chlorophyll okusanhlamvu, - lo mbala oluhlaza;
• leucoplasts - plastids kungekho nto enemibala emihle.

Isakhiwo amaseli isitshalo lihlotshaniswa yokuwufinyelela ngu chemical zamagama ukusabela izinto eziningi eziphilayo kusuka carbon dioxide futhi amanzi usebenzisa amandla okukhanya. Igama le nqubo emangalisayo futhi eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu - photosynthesis. Ukusabela abazenzi ngenxa chlorophyll, ketshezi uyakwazi wasithatha amandla ugongolo ukukhanya. Ukuba khona lo mbala oluhlaza kungenxa umbala sici amahlamvu, utshani sifanamsindvo, izithelo aluhlaza. Chlorophyll akufane isakhiwo elithwala umoya-mpilo, negazi lezilwane futhi abantu.

Red, ophuzi kanye orange umbala plant izitho ezahlukene ngenxa yokubakhona kumaseli chromoplasts. isisekelo wabo iqembu elikhulu carotenoid zidlala indima ebalulekile umzimba. Leucoplasts obangela zamagama kanye ekuqongeleleni isitashi. Plastids zikhule futhi lande cytoplasm, nge Ukuthutha kwakhe kanye ulwelwesi kwangaphakathi kweseli isitshalo. Ziyakwazi ocebile enzyme, ion, nezinye izingxube zamakhemikhali eziphila abakhuthele.

Ukuhluka isakhiwo ezincane amaqembu ezinkulu eziphilayo

Amangqamuzana amaningi zifane isikhwama ezincane egcwele isikhwehlela corpuscles, elimbudumbudu futhi Bubbles. Ngokuvamile kukhona inclusions ezahlukene ngesimo zinhlayiya okuqinile, amaminerali, amafutha amathonsi, le elimbudumbudu isitashi. Amaseli in close contact lichaza ekwakheni isitshalo kwezicubu, ukuphila ngokuvamile kuxhomeke kulokho okwenzeka owesincane isakhiwo amayunithi obumba iyunithi.

Lapho kukhona lunye sohlaka ezinamangqamuzana amaningi ukuthi sivezwe kweyabase izindima ezahlukene bokuphila nemisebenzi izakhi ezincane kwesakhiwo. Basuke kunqunywa ngokuyinhloko indawo izicubu emaqabungeni, izimpande, sifanamsindvo, noma plant izitho okuzala.

Thina ukuqokomisa izakhi eziyinhloko test, iseli isitshalo ne amayunithi zokucathula isakhiwo nezinye izinto eziphilayo kuyisiphazamiso:

1. Okuwugqinsi igobolondo isici kuphela izitshalo, kwakheka fibre (cellulose). Ngo isikhunta, ulwelwesi siqukethe chitin onensika (iprotheni ekhethekile).
2. Amaseli izitshalo kanye isikhunta kuhluke umbala ngenxa yokuba khona noma ukungabi khona plastids. ithole okunjalo, njengoba chloroplast, chromoplasts futhi leucoplasts, samanje kuphela cytoplasm zalesi sihlahla.
3. Kukhona organelles esihlukanisa izilwane - a centriole (cell isikhungo).
4. Kuphela kumaseli izitshalo ukwethula vacuole elikhulu egcwele okuqukethwe ketshezi. Ngokuvamile, lokhu ubisi cell ezinemibala zombala ngemibala ehlukene.
5. Main esikhululekile kwakwakhe isitshalo umzimba - isitashi. Fungus nezilwane buthelela glycogen kangakanani ezitokisini zabo.

Phakathi zasolwandle eyaziwa olulodwa, khulula-ophilayo amaseli amaningi. Ngokwesibonelo, lotimele ezinjalo kuba chlamydomonas. Nakuba izitshalo kukhona esihlukile izilwane khona udonga cellulose cell, kodwa amaseli lwegciwane beswela igobolondo obukhulu ezinjalo - lena ngenye ubufakazi bobunye zomhlaba eziphilayo.