Kuyini Macroeconomics futhi Microeconomics?

Macroeconomics kuyingxenye ebalulekile umbono kwezomnotho olulodwa. Izimiso zalo ezisetshenziswa uhulumeni ekulinganiseni nezimo zezimakethe ngesikhathi sezinhlekelele cyclical futhi recessions. Ososayensi baye amashumi eminyaka wafunda lokho Macroeconomics. Ukunqunywa Dzhona Keynsa a classic bese zaziwa kahle kakhulu.

ithiyori Keynes

Ekhulwini XX, indlela entsha yokufunda ngezinto emnothweni kazwelonke. Abacwaningi waqala cabanga umnotho kwelinye izwe lonke. Ngakho-ke yini Macroeconomics? Kuyinto isayensi ukuthi etadisha umnotho kazwelonke e uhlelo olulodwa eziyinkimbinkimbi. Lendlelanchubo yakhiwe ekugcineni kwakhiwa muva nje, noma ezinye izimpawu zakhe ababekhona ngemisebenzi classical wezomnotho kwezombangazwe (Adams, Marx, nokunye. D.).

Lokhu isayensi ezimele wazalwa 30s of XX leminyaka. Ngaphezu kwakho konke kuhlobene kuvulwa kanye nokusebenza Umhloli wamazwe oyiNgisi John Maynard Keynes. ithiyori bakhe beza bedle izenzakalo wangaleyo nkathi yeziyaluyalu. Esikhathini 20s ngasekupheleni kwakukhona Kuwohloka Okukhulu Kwezomnotho, labo ababebanga ukuba nenkinga yezimali e-US naseYurophu. Kwacaca ukuthi evamile isimiso sezomnotho emakethe ehluleka. Inkathi ososayensi yabalingisi shayela.

Macroeconomics futhi Microeconomics

Dzhon Keyns washayelwa ukuthi Macroeconomics, encwadini yakhe ethi "The General Theory Emisebenzini, Inzalo Imali," eshicilelwe ngo-1936. Yingaleso kusukela ngaleso sikhathi zaqala ukuthuthukiswa isiyalo entsha ngokwesayensi. Kodwa ngisho nengxenye engaphezu kweyikhulu ngaphambi kokuba kube khona Microeconomics Macroeconomics. Akaphishekeli ukufunda emnothweni wonkana, futhi izixazululo abahlanganyeli ethize emakethe. Microeconomics futhi ihlola inkinga zamanani. Ngo kwenkululeko ukuhlaziywa yayo zihlanganisa izindlela ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo yemvelo elinganiselwe.

Ngakho, Microeconomics iphatha izinhlangano ezithile kwezomnotho, kuyilapho Macroeconomics study lonke umnotho kazwelonke iyonke. Keynes, e Labor yakhe yosuku wachaza lokho imiqondo kanye izenzakalo ezibalulekile kakhulu inkolelo yakhe entsha. Lona omkhiqizo, ukuwa kwamandla emali, izinga eliphezulu labangasebenzi kanye sokwenyusa amanani ezingeni. Uhlaziyo konke lokhu kusenza siqonde ukuthi Macroeconomics. Incazelo ugcizelela ukuthi kuyinto isayensi ezimele. Noma kunjalo, asikwazi ukuthi Microeconomics futhi Macroeconomics khona ngayodwana. Bangabaholi kwamagatsha amabili umbono olulodwa ngokwesayensi, ngakho-ke nihlanganyele ngezindlela eziningi.

Ukugxekwa wezomnotho kwezombangazwe classical

Ukuze uqonde ukuthi micro Macroeconomics, kubalulekile ukubheka theory ukuthi babemelene. Wayemunyu emthethweni wemakethe, okuyinto owasungulwa Jean-Baptiste Zwi. Kwakuyisikhathi Economist isiFulentshi, ababengabendlu esikoleni classical wezomnotho kwezombangazwe, esiqongweni umsebenzi okwenzeka ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIX.

Ingqikithi nasemthethweni wayo oyinhloko ukuqinisekisa ukuthi yokuthengisa imikhiqizo engenisa imali, okwathi yena, kuyisisekelo for kumiswa funa entsha. Lesi siphetho kwafinyelela emnothweni kazwelonke sisonke kuze kube isikhathi lapho incwadi enyatheliswa Dzhona Keynsa. Ososayensi olwenziwa uhlaziyo inhlekelele yembulunga yonke kule 20s sekwephuzile futhi wafika esiphethweni sokuthi izindlela washayelwa Zwi e ngezimo esiphila kuzo azisebenzi.

kokungenela State emnothweni

Keynes babekholelwa ukuthi imakethe nokuguqulwa akuqinisekile. Ngakho-ke isazi wakhuthaza nasekuqiniseni ukulawulwa yesimo sezomnotho. Kuyini Macroeconomics kulo mongo? It is a ithuluzi isimo, kudingeka sihlaziye isimo emnothweni kazwelonke. Iziphathimandla angasebenzisa izindlela lezomnotho othuthukileko alawule kahle isimo sakhe.

imibono Keynes sika aphindwaphindwe ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu. Eminyakeni 60 mqondo yakhe kwaba yisisekelo mgomo US, e-United Kingdom, Canada, Sweden. Konke lokhu amazwe manje elinesimo ukuphila kwakhona kusezingeni eliphezulu nokuzinza zezimali. Kukhona kulo inhlalakahle bekuphumelele Macroeconomics njengenhlangano isayensi isicelo.

Isakhiwo macroeconomy

Lesi sigaba womnotho olulodwa ezimakethe engcono ebonisa ukuthi Macroeconomics ezinjalo. Lokhu isayensi uqokomisa emnothweni jikelele izingxenye eziningana abahlukene. Eyokuqala emakethe - emakethe yezinto ukukhiqizwa. He is ezibaluleke kakhulu. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izinsiza ezifana nokutholakala komhlaba, ukusebenza, zezimali kanye capital ngokomzimba. Abanye ososayensi ubheke lolu hlu, futhi iqoqo amathalenta womuntu namakhono emphakathini.

Ngakusasa emakethe - emakethe kwezimpahla namasevisi. Lokhu kuyindaba ebalulekile Macroeconomics. Kuyini lokhu? Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukukhiqizwa kwezimpahla nezinsiza, okungukuthi, ngamanye amazwi, ukwakheka ukuze kwaneliswe isidingo iyona - injini eyinhloko iyiphi umnotho. Lapha ukushintshisana amagugu ngempela, ngakho-ke lokhu emakethe ibizwa ngokuthi ngempela.

Enye ingxenye ebalulekile Macroeconomics - ezezimali. Zisetshenziswa kwimakethe kanye izibambiso emakethe. Kukhona inhloko-dolobha luphumelele, ukubolekisa enikeziwe, exchange imisebenzi. Okubizwa ngokuthi imodeli zamazwekazi kwezimakethe igxile izibambiso, izinkampani zomshuwalense, impesheni kanye nezimali utshalomali.

imijikelezo Lebhizinisi

ithiyori macroeconomic busuka ukusetshenziswa kwesayensi ethemini imijikelezo kwezomnotho. Zimelela a iyehla iyenyuka cyclical - ube nezikhathi ezinzima nezimnandi ekuthuthukiseni komnotho. Imijikelezo Economic ayatholakala kunoma yisiphi isimiso. Sinenkosi izigaba eziningana - esiqongweni kube yisiphazamiso kanye phansi. Iyehla iyenyuka emjikelezweni ibhizinisi kungaba okungamukelekile ezingalindelekile.

Ososayensi abahlole i yini Macroeconomics futhi Microeconomics siphenywa, akhonjwe kwezimbangela eziyinhloko lezi imijikelezo. Lokhu kungaba inguquko, impi, ushintsho isimo zimali, nokunye .. Konke lokhu kuthinta ibhalansi phakathi ukunikezela funa ekuhlanganisweni. Uhlamvu kanye nohlobo imijikelezo kwezomnotho zihlobene ngokuqondile ezifana izenzakalo macroeconomic ezifana okubangelwa ukusweleka komsebenzi kanye nokwehla kwamandla emali.

okweqile

Theorists futhi baye basikisela ukuthi leli gama elithi "okweqile umnotho". Lesi simo kuyinto isimo lapho izwe ifinyelela esiphezulu amakhono sabo sezimali. Ngenxa yalokhu, Isimanga siwukuthi, kungase kube nokukhuphuka kwamanani ezimpahla kanye nokwanda okuphawulekayo amanani.

Nazo ngokufanayo, ngokuvamile imbangela komnotho kanye abangasebenzi cyclical. Uma Izwe libhekene nesimo esifanayo, kufanele angenele isimo. Lokho izisekelo ezincwadini Macroeconomics ongeza iziphathimandla usizo. Keynes nabalandeli bakhe beye batadisha umuzwa omuhle nobukhulu bale nkinga. Izimiso eziningi zavela yibo basetshenziswa ahlukene phakathi komnotho. Isiqalo nesigcino izinyathelo umnotho yokutakula - okungukuthi Macroeconomics futhi Microeconomics. Incazelo lezi eyala ube ebhukwinitifundvo ngamunye thematic.

inqubomgomo yezezimali

States lapho uhulumeni uyazi kahle ukuthi Macroeconomics, zibhekane ngokuphumelelayo zinhlekelele cyclical. inqubomgomo Ukuqina, kudingekile ukuze kuncishiswe imiphumela yokwehla kwamandla omnotho, ngokuthi izinqubomgomo yezezimali.

Uyini umehluko? Ngekhulu XX, theorists baye washayelwa ukuthi inqubomgomo namaphepha Macroeconomics yemali. State kungenzeka ukusika izintela noma ukwandisa ukuthenga yabo emakethe. Okunjalo izinyathelo njengoba sinjalo kuyinqubomgomo yentela. It has nezihibe. Ikakhulukazi baba aqukethe yiqiniso lokuthi uMbuso lingafaka engozini ukulahlekelwa sina futhi uhlale kwesabelo sezimali.

Umgomo wezimali isebenzisa izindlela ezahlukene ekulinganiseni isimo sezomnotho ezweni. Ngenxa yale njongo, Central Bank. Yena kungaletha ukumaketha ezengeziwe imali supply. Buhle komgomo wokuboleka amabhange ngezimali phambi kwezimali wukuthi uma ofeza uhlelo yasebhange esabelayo okuningi yezinguquko. Lokhu kuvumela uhlelo umnotho aphume esibucayi ngokushesha. Population inkambo enjalo kunenzuzo nakakhulu ngoba kulesi simo, unikezwa umthengi ukubolekisa ngaphezulu. Injongo eyinhloko yawo komgomo wokuboleka amabhange ngezimali yayingase ibizwe ngokuthi ukusimama, ukukhula ukukhiqizwa futhi ukusebenza okugcwele emphakathini.