Isitayela Scientific: izici. izici neziLimi isitayela yesayensi

Scientific izici isitayela ayisihloko yokutadisha ngezazi zezilimi, kuyinto iqoqo amasu inkulumo ethile, isetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko wesayensi, ezobuchwepheshe, esayensi kanye ethandwa ensimini yokuveza nasekubulaleni ezihlukahlukene okuqukethwe oya kulo imibono, imicabango, impumelelo.

isici Jikelele imibhalo yesayensi

umbhalo Scientific - lokhu kuwumphumela, noma umphumela umbiko kocwaningo, okudaliwe ngokuba iqembu abanobuchwepheshe olufanele bezibona yayo kanye nokuhlola. Ukuze-ke njengoba ulwazi ngangokunokwenzeka, umlobi has iphendukele ukusetshenziswa lulwimi loluhlelekile, izindlela ezikhethekile kanye nezindlela isethulo. Ngokuvamile umbhalo ngokwesayensi - ishicilelwe noma senzelwe ukuphrinta umsebenzi. Ukuze umbhalo uhlelo zesayensi kanye ngokukhethekile walungisa izinto tetfulo tetemlomo, isibonelo, umbiko inkomfa noma izinkulumo zezemfundo.

Izici nobuntu isitayela yesayensi - ithoni hlangothi, indlela inhloso kanye ulwazi, umbhalo olwakhiwe, ukutholakala amagama namalimi izinsiza ezithile, kuthathwe lososayensi ngoba isethulo okunengqondo futhi ezanele.

Izinhlobonhlobo isitayela yesayensi

Ukwanda ifomu ebhaliwe khona imisebenzi isitayela yesayensi inquma ukuba semthethweni, ibhalansi, ukuzwakala kokuqukethwe kwabo kanye nomklamo.

Ukwehlukanisa imibhalo yesayensi phezu izinhlobo nezinhlobo kuchazwe, kuqala, umehluko lezinto esachazwa eyala eziningi, ososayensi ucwaningo okuqukethwe, ikhono izilaleli okulindele. Kukhona isimiso esiyisisekelo nezincwadi zesayensi, okuyinto uhlukanisa imibhalo ukuze yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe, ezesayensi, zezenhlalakahle, ezesayensi kanye zemvelo. Bungabonakala futhi sublanguage olucacile ezikhona ngaphakathi ngamunye sciences - algebra, ezesayensi yezitshalo wezifundo zezombusazwe, njll

M. P. Senkevich olwakhiwe izinhlobo isitayela ngokwesayensi degree of "zesayensi 'ka umphumela wokugcina, likhombise lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo:

1. isitayela Strictly yesayensi (aka - Academic) ejwayelekile umsebenzi sina abazinikezele embuthanweni ewumngcingo ongoti futhi equkethe umqondo umlobi ucwaningo - zincwadi ziphakathi kokulandisa okuvelele, izihloko, imibiko yesayensi.

2. Isitatimende nje okungaqondile noma ifa yesayensi aqukethe yesibili Imininingwane izinto (izifushaniso, izichasiselo) - ziyadalwa ngendlela yesayensi isitayela ezesayensi noma ulwazi refereed.

3. ahlukene yesayensi kanye nokukhangisa umkhakha ukukhangisa ndawo ibonisa imiphumela kanye nezinzuzo kwemikhiqizo ethize - Intuthuko entsha ubuchwepheshe, electronics, i-chemistry, kwemithi, nakweminye imikhakha yesayensi isicelo.

4. Ucwaningo kanye neticukatsilwati (lwemibhalo, amaqoqo, izichazamazwi, lwemibhalo) kuhloswe ukunikeza emfushane kakhulu, enembile, ngaphandle imininingwane, nje ukukhombisa umfundi amaqiniso.

5. A endaweni ekhethekile kwesicelo sezincwadi zemfundo nesayensi, ezibekwe nemithetho yesayensi bese yengezwa ingxenye didactic izakhi engokomfanekiso kanye impahla ukuphindaphinda (izincwadi zokufundisa nezikhungo ezahlukene zemfundo).

6. Popular izincwadi isayensi kukhona Umlandvomphilo zabantu abadumile, emlandweni umsuka imihlola ehlukahlukene, umlando imicimbi nokwatholakala, futhi ziyatholakala anhlobonhlobo abathintekayo, sibonga imifanekiso, izibonelo, izincazelo.

Izakhiwo umbhalo yesayensi

Umbhalo ezidalwe isitayela lesayensi, ingabe uhlelo zifane avaliwe.

Izici eziyinhloko isitayela yesayensi - sokuhambisana ulimi tetemibhalo, ukusetshenziswa ematfuba ejwayelekile namazwi, ukusetshenziswa amathuba izimpawu "ingcaca" amafomula kolimi, ukusetshenziswa izithenjwa yaphansi. Ngokwesibonelo, kwamukelwa kabanzi emphakathini kwezesayensi clichés: sizogxila inkinga ... kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi ... etholwe ngesikhathi lezi zifundo kwaholela iziphetho ezilandelayo ..., uqhubekele ukuhlaziya ..., njll

Ukuze kudluliswe ngokwesayensi ulwazi izinto ajwayele ukusetshenziswa kolimi 'yokwenziwa' - Graphic: 1) ihluzo, imidvwebo, amabhlogo, izibalo, imidwebo; 2) Inqubo kanye nezimpawu; 3) Le migomo nezimpawu eziqondene no-lucebe ye stilya- yesayensi isibonelo, amagama lucobo, izimpawu zezibalo, njll

ama-apharathasi Ticukatsilwati (yaphansi, izinkomba, yaphansi) yakha ukumelwa olunembe kakhudlwana endabeni okuxoxwa ngayo inkhulumo ukuqaliswa izinga lokubhala yesayensi, ukunemba izingcaphuno kanye imithombo angase aqinisekiswe.

Ngakho, isitayela yesayensi, okuyinto ikakhulukazi libhekene efanele nemithetho yolimi tetemibhalo, kuyinto ukunemba, ecacile futhi banganhlanhlatsi ngokuya imibono ucwaningo. Ukuze uthole isitatimende yesayensi sici Monologue ifomu, logic lelandzisako kudalulwe njalo, iziphetho yakhelwe njengoba ephelele neqondakalayo ngomqondo ibinzana.

isakhiwo semantic umbhalo yesayensi

Njalo umbhalo has isitayela yayo yesayensi ukwakhiwa logic, ifomu ezinye ephelele, imithetho efanele zesakhiwo. Ngokuvamile, umcwaningi ithobela uhlelo ezilandelayo:

• isingeniso inkinga, Ukulungisiswa ngokuhlathulula ukusebenza kwawo, okwakhe;
• ukwabiwa izifundo cwaningo (kwezinye izimo, into);
• Umgomo-kulungiselelwa, isinqumo ngokuhamba ekufezeni izinhloso ezithile;
• Ukubuyekeza yezincwadi yezesayensi, nganoma iyiphi indlela ezithinta isihloko cwaningo, incazelo nohlaka theory kanye methodological for umsebenzi; amagama sokuzibonakalisa elungile;
• ukubaluleka theory ne practical imisebenzi yesayensi;
• okuqukethwe umsebenzi ucwaningo;
• incazelo ukuhlola, uma kucatshangwa;
• imiphumela yocwaningo, olwakhiwe iziphetho ezisekelwe ngemiphumela yako.

izici Ulimi: • Kutfutfukisa silulumagama

ithoni kuphazamiseke ifomu generalized izici lucebe isitayela yesayensi:

1. Ukusebenzisa amagama athile e amagugu abo, amazwi nokudlanga ukubaluleka abstract (umthamo, permeability, ukumelana, ludvweshu yokujama tsi bheke, lwezincwadi, njll).

2. Amazwi izinto zangamalanga ukusithatha esimeningcondvo yesayensi umsebenzi terminological noma ukubaluleka generalized. Lokhu kusebenza, isibonelo, matemu: ikhoyili bamba, njll tube.

3. nencazelo eyisisekelo embhalweni yesayensi athwale imigomo, kodwa ingxenye yabo akufani ezinhlobeni ezihlukene imikhiqizo. Amagama yethulwe kwegazi imiqondo ethile, nencazelo efanele nenengqondo zazo - isimo ezidingekile umbhalo okhokhelwayo ebhaliwe (ethnogenesis, isakhi sofuzo wave sine).

4. Ukuze imisebenzi isitayela yesayensi libhekene izifinyezo slozhnosokraschennye amazwi: ukushicilela indlu, GOST, Gosplan, million, zocwaningo.

izici neziLimi isitayela yesayensi, ikakhulukazi endaweni silulumagama, ukuzikhethela obusebenzayo yilezi: generalized imvelo abstract indaba, imicabango yabantu umgomo netiphetfo nombhali, ukunemba kwanoma yiziphi kwaziswa.

izici Ulimi: Morphology

izici morphological isitayela yesayensi:

1. On ezingeni lwetakhi telulwimi usebenzisa izinhlobo ezithile amagama nemisho, kanye nokwakhiwa isiphakamiso ukudala i Abstraction umbhalo yesayensi: uphawula ukuthi ... kubonakala sengathi ..., njll

2. Tento esimeningcondvo imibhalo yesayensi zuza okusho ezingaphelelwa isikhathi, generalized. Ngaphezu kwalokho advantageously esetshenziswa izinhlobo isikhathi samanje nesikhatsi lesengcile. alternation wabo akusho ulihlanganisa "olungokomfanekiso" noma Dynamics elandisayo, kunalokho - ukuthi siyabuthola yini iphethini mkhuba echazwe: amanothi umbhali, amaphuzu ...; Lokho kwenza umgomo sokuxazulula izinkinga, njll

3. oqavile tento ifomu abangaphelele (cishe 80%) nalo enamathiselwe umbhalo yesayensi ukubaluleka generalized. Ngo ngesivinini esitebeleni esetshenziswa tento perfective: sibheke ...; show izibonelo njll Isetshenziswa njengesici amafomu nanini-siqu futhi engenabuntu nge touch of isibopho noma isidingo: izici okukhulunywe ...; kumele bakwazi ...; akufanele sikhohlwe mayelana ...

4. Esikhathini yokwenziwa ukusetshenziswa ukubaluleka tento iphendule: ukuze abonakale ...; ... wachaza ngokuningiliziwe; izinkinga kubhekwe nabanye. amafomu isenzo esinjalo enze kube nokwenzeka ukuba ugxile incazelo yenqubo, isakhiwo se-mshini. Inani elifanayo ngesikhathi participles iDemo yokwenziwa: EFINITIONS D inikezwe ...; Izinga kungenziwa ukubuqonda njll

5. Inkulumo ngokwesayensi futhi wasebenzisa tiphawulo ezimfushane njengezindlela: Isimo azithola ekuso.

6. Isici ejwayelekile yokukhuluma lwesayensi esebenzisa isabizwana esithi, thina, isetshenziswa esikhundleni sami. Le nqubo obunezici njenge mbhali ukuba nesizotha, umnqopho, generality: Phakathi nocwaningo, safika esiphethweni ... (esikhundleni: Sengiyazi esiphethweni ...).

izici Ulimi:-syntax

izici neziLimi isitayela yesayensi ngokuya uxhumano le-syntax Kutholwe inkulumo ngendlela ethile yokucabanga usosayensi: design, wasebenzisa lapha, abathathi hlangothi futhi lomdabu. ejwayelekile kakhulu yokwamukela kokucindezelwa syntactic, kokucindezelwa Kwenziwa lapho inani lombhalo ngenkathi okwandisa nokuqukethwe kwalo ulwazi kanye umqondo ukugcwala. Lokhu kwenziwa kusetshenziswa ukwakhiwa olukhethekile imishwana nemisho.

izici Syntactic isitayela yesayensi:

1. kusetjentiswa kwemishwana yetakhi letifanele attributive "Ibizo + Ibizo esimweni genitive": umzimba, i-zezimali lwemali Iyunithi ukuqaqa, njll

2. Izincazelo uzwakalise isiphawulo, elisetshenziswa lisho ukuthini igama elithi: reflex unconditioned, uphawu okuqinile, njll Ukubuyekeza zomlando.

3. isitayela yesayensi (izincazelo, siphikisane, iziphetho) elinesimo isilandiso esiyinhlanganisela okuzisholo nge ibizo, ngokuvamile eyehlisiwe isenzo umsipha: Perception - kuyinto nqubo ephawulekayo eziyisisekelo ...; Ngeziphambeko kusukela implementations esezingeni ulimi - esinye sezici yesiteleka kakhulu yokukhuluma wengane. Enye ezivamile "ifomula isilandiso" kuyinto ekhuthaza nge short okuzisholo isilandiso esithi: ingasetshenziswa.

4. tandziso njengoba izimo ukukhonza ukuze izinga izici noma izakhiwo lomkhuba uphenyo: abalulekile, ezithakazelisayo, siqinisekise, ngendlela entsha; zonke lezi zinto nezinye izenzakalo zibhalwa ezincwadini zomlando kahle ....

5. Isakhiwo syntactic lenemisho ezwakalisa okuqukethwe lomqondo, ngakho indinganiso yalombhalo kuyinto sipho complets uhlobo letilandzisako inyunyana uxhumano phakathi izingxenye zayo, hlangothi ngokuya isitayela okuqukethwe lucebe nokuhleleka normative yamagama: mangisho ukuthi zoopsychologists eside, kanzima futhi azama, kodwa ahluleka ukufundisa lo (yenkawu) ulimi umsindo. eziphambili kakhulu humanoid Phakathi eziyinkimbinkimbi kwemisho ubuswa umuntu ongaphansi: phakathi ingqondo kanye ulimi oluyinhloko Lesisemkhatsini uhlelo ofuna ukuxhumana nathi, okuthiwa isisekelo sokusebenza yokukhuluma.

6. Indima imisho interrogative - ukuziqhakambisa okokusebenza esibekiwe, baveze ezizathwini nemibono: Mhlawumbe inkawu uyakwazi lolimi lwezandla?

7. Ukuze elikude, ukugeleza ngamabomu engenabuntu ulwazi kabanzi izinhlobo ezahlukene imisho engenabuntu: isimo izinhlobo alinganayo zihlanganisa ubungane (ingxoxo ejulile, ingxoxo, njll.) ... ngaleyo ndlela egcizelela isifiso sokuba umphenyi inhloso, wenzela umphakathi generalized yesayensi .

8. Ukuze adonse ubudlelwano esiyimbangela phakathi imihlola, kuchazwa ngolimi lwesayensi usebenzisa imisho lemagalagala nge uxhumano coordinative futhi subordinating sobunye. Ngokuvamile kukhona izihlanganiso kuyinkimbinkimbi:. Ngenxa yokuthi, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi, ngenxa yokuthi, ngenxa, kuyilapho, kuyilapho, ngenkathi, njll Yande imisho lemagalagala nge izjasnitelnyh Adventitious, attributive, izimbangela, izimo, isikhathi uphenyo.

izindlela zokuxhumana embhalweni yesayensi

izici Scientific isitayela okuyizinto ukusetshenziswa eqondile izinsiza ngokolimi, uncika hhayi kuphela zokulawula nohlaka olubhekele ulimi, kodwa futhi ku imithetho enengqondo.

Ngakho, kunengqondo ukuphetha ukuba baveze abakucabangayo, umcwaningi kumele usebenzise izici morphological isitayela yesayensi kanye amathuba syntactical ukuxhumanisa izingxenye ngazinye isitatimende sakhe. Lokhu injongo sinikezwa yi ezihlukahlukene takhiwo syntactic, imisho lemagalagala ngezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene "amazwi-omfisha", ucacisa ukuthi kwakungenzeka bazibandakanye, ngamazwi esithi imishwana efakwe ohlwini nabanye.

Nazi ayinhloko:

• Ukuqhathanisa iyiphi izenzakalo (njenge ... ...);
• ukusetshenziswa yokuxhuma imisho eliqukethe ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana elandiswe main ingxenye;
• ngamazwi esithi imishwana futhi aqukethe ulwazi olwengeziwe yesayensi;
• Amazwi okuvula nemishwana, ezakhiwe zamanga asetshenziselwa ukuxhumana phakathi amayunithi semantic ngaphakathi umusho owodwa, kanye nesikhala sendima;
• "Igama-omfisha" (isibonelo, ngendlela, ngakho okwamanje, kuphetsa, ngamanye amazwi, njengoba sesibonile) asetshenziswa ukuze usungule uxhumano okunengqondo phakathi izingxenye ezahlukene letikhetfwe etheksthini lephelele;
• umfaniswano umusho ezidingekayo zokudlulisela imiqondo ngokunengqondo efanayo;
• ukusetshenziswa njalo isakhiwo stereotyped, ukungaguquguquki kanye banganhlanhlatsi isakhiwo syntactic.

Ngakho, isitayela yesayensi, ikakhulukazi ukuxhumana esikuhlolile - ngempela uhlelo ezinzile, kunzima ukushintsha. Naphezu kokuhlaselwa okukhulu amathuba okuhlanganyela ukuze ngokwesayensi umsebenzi uhlelo, kulawulwa yimithetho ye imibhalo yesayensi ukusiza "ukugcina ukuma."

Ulimi kanye nesitayela ethandwa isayensi umbhalo

Isethulo kwezingxenye zesayensi kanye ethandwa izincwadi eduze hlangothi, obscheliteraturnogo njengoba umfundi inikeza amaqiniso ezikhethiwe, izici ezithakazelisayo, izinsalela emifanekisweni zomlando. Ifomu isethulo kokwaziswa kumele ikwazi ukutholakala kuzo non-ochwepheshe, Ngakho-ke, i-choice ezibonakalayo, isimiso ubufakazi nezibonelo, ngendlela zokubukwa kolwazi, kanye nesitayela imisebenzi ephathelene nezincwadi zesayensi kanye ethandwa, kuhluke ngandlela-thile kusukela umbhalo yesayensi langempela.

Ukuze ubone izici ethandwa isayensi isitayela ngokuziqhathanisa yesayensi, ungasebenzisa ithebula:

isitayela yesayensi	isitayela Scientific-ethandwa
Umbhali kanye umfundi - abazi ngokulinganayo ngale ndaba ka kusho.	Umbhali uba umfundi Uchwepheshe - njengendlela "ongelutho".
Ubuningi jikelele silulumagama yezesayensi nasezinzuzweni amagama ngokuvamile ekwakhiweni eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi bonakaliso.	Amagama wachaza kufinyeleleke ulimi yomfundi, imiphumela esemqoka ngaphandle imininingwane.
isitayela Ngiphakathi nendawo.	Yethula inkulumo ngamazwi.

isitayela Scientific-ethandwa kuhilela eziningi izimali okuqondene ulimi kazwelonke, kodwa izici okwakhe ubapha izici ukusebenza ukusetshenziswa lezi zimali, ngqo lenhlangano umbhalo umsebenzi yesayensi

Ngakho, izici isitayela yesayensi kukhona lucebe futhi lwetakhi telulwimi izindlela eziqondile, ifomula syntactic lapho umbhalo iba "ezomile" futhi ezinembile, eziqondakalayo yombuthano ewumngcingo ongoti. isitayela Scientific-ethandwa yakhelwe ukwenza indaba mayelana nanoma yisiphi mkhuba yesayensi kufinyeleleke embuthanweni ebanzi abafundi noma abalaleli ( "ezilula eyinkimbinkimbi"), ngakho ubizwa babemhaqile degree of ukuchayeka imisebenzi yobuciko kanye nesitayela lesibonwa.