Biocoenosis - izibonelo. biocenoses Ezingokwemvelo Kanye Nezenzo yokufakelwa

Ngokuhamba zokuphila kwansuku zonke, hhayi wonke umuntu uyaphawula ekuxhumaneni kwabo ezihlukahlukene izakhiwo zemvelo. Washesha ukusebenza, neze ubani, ngaphandle ukuthi semvelo professional noma isazi sezinto eziphilayo, uyinaka neqiniso lokuthi wayeseholela esewelele isikwele noma epaki. Nokho, mina labetibambile wadlula, ngakho lokho? Kodwa lena biocenosis. Izibonelo okungalindelekile ezinjalo, kodwa ukuxhumana njalo nge-ecosystem, ngamunye kithi angathola khumbula, uma kuphela okufanele licatshangwe. Sizozama sihlole kabanzi Kanti ziyini ngempela biocenoses, lokho abayikho nalokho kuncike.

Kuyini biocenose?

Cishe, bambalwa abantu khumbula ukuthi eyakufunda School of biocenoses. Ibanga 7, lapho biology ayisihloko sasikude esikhathini esidlule, futhi kufanele sikhumbule izenzakalo ezihlukahlukene kakhulu. Khumbula ukuthi njengoba biocenosis. Kumiswa igama ngu nokuhlanganiswa amagama amabili Latin, "bios" - wokuphila futhi 'cenosis "- zivamile. Leli gama lisho iqoqo ahlala endaweni efanayo, oxhumene nokusebenzisana ezincane, isikhunta, ezitshalweni nasezilwaneni.

Noma yimuphi umphakathi begazi kuhlanganisa izingxenye biocenosis ezifana:

• nezilwanyana ezincane (microbiocenosis);
• izimila (phytocoenosis);
• izilwane (zoocenoses).

Ngayinye yalezi izingxenye linendima ebalulekile futhi kungenziwa emelelwa abantu zinhlobo ezahlukene. Nokho, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi phytocoenosis wumkhakha ehola yokunquma microbiocenosis futhi zoocenoses.

Lapho benza lo mqondo?

Umqondo "biocoenosis" kwahlongozwa yi-German hydrobiologist Mobius ngasekupheleni XIX leminyaka, lapho yayisifunda ezindaweni North Sea oyster ndawo. Phakathi nesifundo, wathola ukuthi lezi zilwane bangaphila kuphela ezimweni ngokuqinile kuchazwa, libhekene ukujula, ukugeleza rate, izinga lokushisa kwamanzi kanye usawoti. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Mobius waveza ukuthi kanye oyster ku leyo nsimu efanayo owakhiwe zinhlobo kahle ichazwe nezitshalo zasolwandle kanye nezilwane. Ngokusekelwe idatha, ngo-1937, usosayensi esethula umqondo olucutshungulwayo iwukuba ubheke izinhlangano amaqembu eziphilayo ophilayo futhi zihlala endaweni efanayo, ngenxa ekuthuthukiseni zomlando kwezinhlobo kanye eside ukuzihlela nokuzivumelanisa kwemvelo. Umqondo yesimanje ye "biocoenosis" biology ngemvelo sitolikwa kancane ehlukile.

ngezigaba

Namuhla, zikhona izimpawu eziningana ngawo ukuze uhlukanise i-biocenosis. Izibonelo ngezigaba esekelwe Ubukhulu:

• makrobiotsenoz (ulwandle, izintaba, izilwandle);
• mezobiotsenoz (ixhaphozi ihlathi, ensimini);
• microbiocenosis (imbali, i isiqu ubudala, leaf).

Futhi biocenoses kungenziwa ihlukaniswa ngokweminyaka ndawo. I oyinhloko ohlonishwa izinhlobo ezintathu ezilandelayo:

• zasolwandle;
• Ukuphazamiseka kwezizinda zamanzi asemasha;
• phansi.

Ngamunye wabo ingahlukaniswa ibe superordinate, ezincane iqembu wendawo. Ngakho, biocenosis zasolwandle zingahlukaniswa zibe izinhlanzi benthic nezinye emashalofini. Amachibi imiphakathi ababazalayo emfuleni, marsh nechibi. biocenoses Terrestrial zihlanganisa angasogwini nasemaxhaphozini maphakathi nezwe, entabeni futhi subtypes plain.

Ukwahlukaniswa elula kwemiphakathi ongizalayo division yabo ku biocenoses zemvelo kanye yokufakelwa. Phakathi kwabokuqala ukuhlukanisa esiyinhloko kwakheka ngaphandle kwethonya womuntu, kanye yesibili, okuyinto eziye zabhekana noshintsho ngenxa umthelela yezinhlekelele zemvelo noma imisebenzi impucuko womuntu. Cabanga ngokuningiliziwe izici zabo.

imiphakathi engokwemvelo

biocenoses Yemvelo amele inhlangano izidalwa eziphilayo, adalwe Imvelo uqobo lwayo. Lezi imiphakathi amasistimu yemvelo ukuthi bathuthukise, ukuthuthukisa kanye umsebenzi ngokuvumelana yayo, imithetho yayo siqu. semvelo German B. Tischler ezikhonjwe izici ezilandelayo agcwele zokwakheka ezifana:

1. Kukhona imiphakathi izakhi prefabricated, okungase amelela zezinto eziphilayo ngabanye kanye wonke izakhiwo.

2. Kungenzeka ukuthi abanye bayobe izingxenye zomphakathi esikhundleni. Ngokwesibonelo, umuntu angase zinhlobo sakhipha futhi esikhundleni ngokuphelele ngomunye kokuba izidingo ezifanayo kwizimo khona, futhi kungenzeki lutho olubi ohlelweni lonke.

3. Ngenxa yokuthi, e izithakazelo izinhlobo ezahlukene biocoenosis okuphambene, khona-ke lonke uhlelo kusekelwe supraorganismal futhi sikhona sekulinganisa amabutho iqondiswe oppositely.

4. ngamunye umphakathi yemvelo kusekelwe isimiso ambalwa kohlobo olulodwa lwamasosha omunye.

5. Usayizi izinhlelo supraorganismal zincike iziphi izici zangaphandle.

izinhlelo Artificial yemvelo

Biocenosis eyayenziwe wadala, zigcinwe futhi iphethwe yi- ndoda. UProfesa B. G. Ioganzen esethula umqondo ngemvelo antropotsenoza, ie wadala eyayenziwe abantu kohlelo yemvelo, isibonelo, sikwele, terrarium noma aquarium. Phakathi yokufakelwa biocenosis isehlane agrobiocenoses (agrocnosises) - umphakathi adalwe indoda ukukhiqiza noma iyiphi imikhiqizo. Lezi zihlanganisa:

• kwesigubhu;
• iziteshi;
• amachibi;
• emaxhaphozini likhanyelwe;
• ziklabe;
• Inkambu yokutshala izilimo ezihlukahlukene;
• yokukhosela amabhande;
• emasimini eyayenziwe uvuseleleke.

Agrocenoses izici isici yilezi:

Lezi izinhlelo yokufakelwa Isizalo ngempela engazinzile, futhi kuyoba khona isikhathi esingangonyaka, agrobiocenoses utshani zisetshenziswa izobamba cishe iminyaka emithathu ngaphandle kokuqondiswa umuntu agrocnosises izitshalo yemifino nokusanhlamvu. biocenoses esitebeleni kunazo yokufakelwa izithelo izitshalo, njengoba ngaphandle ithonya labantu, uzokwazi khona emashumini eminyaka ambalwa.

• agrophytocenosis njengoba ngesisekelo ukuphila;
• yokuntuleka ukuzithiba izinhlelo;
• ukwehluka ongaphakeme;
• lapho ukubusa izilwane ezifuywayo noma izitshalo kutshalwa;
• ukuthola ukweseka okwengeziwe kumuntu (ukhula inkathazo control, kokukhulelwa, njll);
• ukungakwazi khona nokunwetshiwe ngaphandle kokuqondiswa umuntu.

Nokho, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi ngisho nabampofu zinhlobo ukwehluka agrocnosises yakhiwa inqwaba zinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo okuqondene amaqembu ahlukene imvelo taxonomic. Noma iyiphi inkundla eyayitshalwe indoda noma ifolishi izitshalo, - labantu ezahlukene eziphilayo eziphilayo biocenosis. Izibonelo - lo mkhakha rye noma kakolweni, lapho ngaphandle isiko main "bukhoma" nokhula; nezinambuzane ehlukahlukene (kokubili nezilokazane abamelene zabo); futhi sebuningini nezilwanyana ezincane kanye ezingenamgogodla.

Amayunithi isakhi biosystems

Njengoba kushiwo, biocenosis zemvelo kanye yokufakelwa aqukethe eziningana izingxenye ezizinzile kwesakhiwo ezifana phytocoenosis, futhi zoocenoses microbiocenosis. Owawuhola kuyinto phytocoenosis, okuyinto isitshalo umphakathi ozinzile. Ngenxa fixity yayo baxhashazwe, ukuthi njalo uma kuqhathaniswa njalo ngoba isakhiwo begazi ohlelweni. Ezincane, ngokungafani izitshalo, kungukuthi exhunywe iyiphi ingxenye kwamanzi futhi theka wabangelwa umoya noma amanzi phezu amabanga sasivumela eside. Interconnection izingxenye kuboniswe biocenosis kuye izilwane ezivela ezitshalweni, kusukela kuphela izitshalo Ungakwazi ukuguqula izinto wezinto ku organic.

A indima enkulu empilweni yanoma yimuphi umphakathi emvelweni ukudlala ezihlukahlukene nezilwanyana ezincane anomthelela ekuguquleni izinto ezifile ku namaminerali.

Isakhiwo eziphilayo

biocoenosis ngamunye kuchazwe isakhiwo libhekene:

• Spatial, mpo noma okuvundlile, ngenxa ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlobo begazi umphakathi isikhala kanye nobudlelwane ezisuka kusukela ancintisanayo amandla.
• Lesitshalo kuchazwe Ukwakheka, ukujula nokwehluka begazi izinhlelo izingxenye, kanye isilinganiso sesibalo kwenani azifaka kuwo. izinhlobo umphakathi Ecological, iphethe ukumelwa enkulu zezinombolo, ngokuthi evelele.
• Trophic noma ukudla, okuyinto kunqunywa izifunda ukunikezela phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo.

Zonke izici ezihlukahlukene isakhi biocenoses yiwona asondelene kuhlobene. Njengomthetho, kulapho eziyinkimbinkimbi isakhiwo ngekwendzawo ihlelwe, umfanekiso acebile futhi wehlukile zezinto eziphilayo yayo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi biocenosis isakhiwo kuyahlukahluka in ezahlukene elincane. isimo esinjalo yokumelana isihlobo ukuthi kwenzeka phakathi nokuxhumana izici abalekeleli ngokuthi homeostasis.

Sibheka kabanzi eziyisisekelo isakhiwo esisihlukanisayo biocenosis.

Isakhiwo ngekwendzawo

Biocoenosis has a isakhiwo emkhathini, okungase kokubili mpo futhi enezingqimba.

Isakhiwo mpo kwakhiwa ngenxa ukusatshalaliswa zinhlobo ezahlukene zezitshalo nezilwane amazinga ahlukahlukene engamamitha bio-system, okuholela Bokuhlela kumiswa. uhlelo ezinjalo buvezwa ngodobo isitshalo umphakathi, okungukuthi indawo khathizwe zezitho ukuyedlula yonke isitshalo ezifana uhlelo impande kanye photosynthesizing amahlamvu. Ukuze phytocenosis isici kokubili Bokuhlela aboveground futhi ngaphansi komhlaba. I sibonisa kuqala ngokwawo kungenzeka co-ezikhulayo izinhlobo eziningi izitshalo ukuthi zinezidingo elangeni. Lokhu kubonakala ngokucacile uzwakalise emahlathini we esipholile sezulu zone, lapho kukhona isihlahla kanye shrub eziyizitezi engenhla, elise kancane ngezansi nezihlahla utshani, futhi eduze ngokushesha surface eMhlabeni - isihlanganisi zasemoyeni, ngokuvamile ehlanganisa wona kanye ulele.

Bokuhlela Underground ezintweni eziphilayo ivumela phytocenoses ngendlela engcono kakhulu inhlabathi umswakama, ngenxa kohlelo impande izitshalo ukujula ezahlukene. ezindaweni asemaqeleni elinesimo Kwabiwa ezintathu-level: kakhulu ngokujulile bedded nge kampompi uhlelo, kwalandela izimpande okusanhlamvu ahlukahlukene, futhi sisondelene kakhulu ebusweni - nezilimo eziyizigaxa, ama kanye impande izinhlelo zezitshalo yonyaka.

izakhiwo Ukucabanga kukhona evundla biocenosis synusia - phytocenosis ingxenye ehlanganisa eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ezithathwe ezinhlotsheni ezingu-ahlobene, imvelo noma spatially bahlukana. Zingaba okwesikhashana noma unomphela, epiphytic, embhedeni noma subsurface.

Isakhiwo ezithile emiphakathini yemvelo

Isici esiphawulekayo iyiphi biocenosis kuyinto isakhiwo yayo eqondile. Ukuba yinkimbinkimbi futhi ezihlukahlukene ukwakheka zinhlobo buvezwa olwenzeka endaweni kanye degree obulukhuni izimo lapho biocenosis. Izibonelo zezinto eziphilayo ukwehluka abampofu - ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu, emathafeni, ehlane. Biosystem sitfombe lesinotsile zezinto eziphilayo - nezixhobo zamakhorali kanye amahlathi emvula.

Species, wansuku zonke inombolo, kuyinto zama-nucleus futhi zibizwa ngokuthi dominants. Ngakho, ehlathini birch kuyoba birch, insimu kakolweni - kakolweni. Kunoma biocenosis kukhona izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezikhona kuphela ngenxa evelele, okuthiwa predominanty, isibonelo, izinyamazane esinindolweni ihlathi noma amaprotheni ku uphayini sonwele ihlathi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, imiphakathi ezingamagciwane edificators, okusho isilwane noma nezitshalo ukuthi ukudala izimo ezidingekile ekuphileni kwezinye izidalwa. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, edificator asemaqeleni biocenosis onamandla feather.

Ukuze sihlole indima zinhlobo isakhiwo omphakathi begazi, wasebenzisa izinkomba esekelwe akhawunti ambalwa, ezifana yobuningi bayo, imvamisa nesenzakalo, le Shannon ukwehluka Inkomba nezinhlobo ukujula.