Plant umphakathi - kuyini? Amafomu nezinhlobo zezitshalo imiphakathi

izimila kokuvamile olungafani ngisho sendaweni encane. Futhi ungakwazi ukubona ukuthi kungakanani izitshalo ihlathi ihlukile kuleyo ezihlala kuleli chibi noma edlelweni. abameleli flora kungaba ephila kuphela nalabo zilwane, okuyinto bazimisele ukuhlangana. Lokho ingukuphila izitshalo kungenzeka uma gwamanda isitshalo isungule.

imiqondo eyisisekelo

Ukuze uqonde ukuthi umphakathi isitshalo, kubalulekile ukukhumbula nezidingo izinhlobo ezahlukene zezitshalo kule mibandela wokukhula nokuthuthuka. Ngamunye wabo kudinga ethile nomswakama, ukukhanyisa, izinga lokushisa. Kulesi sisekelo, ngokwesimo zezimila ngabanye musa zingaxhumani komunye nomunye, futhi ndawonye, ukwakha amahlozi ngokuthi phytocenoses noma isitshalo emiphakathini.

Ngakho, umphakathi isitshalo - iqoqo izitshalo eziye bazivumelanisa nezimo efanayo khona endaweni ebekiwe komhlaba kanye ezihambisana ithonya mutual nomunye.

I wehlukile zinhlobo Ukwakheka phytocenosis, isikhala ephilayo besebenzisa ngokugcwele nemithombo yawo, amazwe acebile futhi wehlukile kukhona ubuhlobo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukhuni bese unikeza etafuleni, kanye nendawo yokuhlala sebuningini izilwane ezahlukene, futhi zizenza ukuba zizinze yayo ezibhubhisa izinambuzane baphathe imbewu, Uzithukululile umhlabathi.

Zonke izinhlobo isitshalo emiphakathini ezihlala endaweni ethile, ngokuthi izimila. Kuye predominance kohlobo oluthile lwesitshalo imiphakathi ehlangana zibe amaqembu amakhulu (izimila izinhlobo). Iqembu ngalinye uthola igama layo, isibonelo, edlelweni, ihlathi, ixhaphozi, asemaqeleni, emathafeni, nokunye. Zonke izinhlobo zezimila has izici zayo siqu, okulula ukuhlukanisa kusuka komunye nomunye.

Izinhlobo zezitshalo imiphakathi

Njengoba sekushiwo, ngoba phytocenosis elinesimo ezithile enhlabathini, izinga ukukhanya, umswakama kanye nezinye izimo zaba khona izitshalo. Lokhu kuchaza ukuhlukahluka isitshalo emiphakathini kanye Ukwakheka ethize ye izitshalo ngamunye wabo.

Lapho bethi umphakathi isitshalo - .. Ingabe ihlathi, ensimini, edlelweni, amanzi, asemaqeleni intombi, njll ke izimo zaba khona kwezinhlobo kwakusho.

Ngezinye izikhathi phytocenoses igama unikezwa umbono owandile ke. Ngokwesibonelo, sonwele zikaphayini, birch, oki ihlathi noma asemaqeleni feathergrass. Imiphakathi kwelinye uhlobo ingahluka eziphilako Ukwakheka, isibonelo, lapho Grove fir noma billberry.

Faka kusigaba futhi ukuhlonza izinhlobo isitshalo emiphakathini inganikelwa nomthelela wezenzo zabantu inqubo ukwakha phytocenoses. Ngenxa yalokho, abelwe isitshalo emiphakathini zemvelo kanye yokufakelwa.

Zonke abamele izitshalo amahlathi, izimfunda, amaxhaphozi, amachibi, asemaqeleni, emathafeni bakha isitshalo emiphakathini zemvelo. kunomthelela oqonde ngqo ukwakheka umuntu abuzange.

isitshalo emiphakathini Artificial adalwe indoda. Abakwazi zimiswe wafana zemvelo (isib, ihlathi, ichibi, edlelweni) noma ngokwabo esiyingqayizivele ngokwemvelo (emkhakheni, tikwele, amapaki). Lezi imiphakathi isitshalo ngenxa encane zinhlobo ukwehluka buthaka yemvelo futhi kungaba khona kuphela uma umuntu ukubanakekela.

Kungenjalo kukhona ushintsho isitshalo emiphakathini. Abamele flora ensimini zingacindezelwa aphume izitshalo ihlathi. A inqubo efanayo zingenza emiphakathini zemvelo. Ngakho, ichibi, elinezihlahla eziningi kancane liphenduka ixhaphozi.

Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi izinhlobo ezahlukene zezitshalo imiphakathi ukuheha uhlobo oluthile izilwane, amagciwane athile kanye nesikhunta. Ndawonye, akha biocenosis.

Izimfunda futhi emaqeleni

Esikhathini asemaqeleni ubuswa izitshalo herbaceous futhi melkokustarnikovye. Ezinotshani zinezikhathi ezihlukahlukene enkulu amakhambi, ikakhulukazi zisetshenziswa. Abacebe zinhlobo Ukwakheka ube ezimfundeni, okuyinto zitholakala floodplains. Kanye izimfunda ezomile, elise kude umfula, ezindaweni eziphakemeyo.

izinkuni

Tiered isitshalo umphakathi, okunzima kakhulu eziphilako Ukwakheka - ehlathini. Kuhlanganisa imithi, izihlahlana nezitshalo herbaceous. Amahlathi zihlukaniswe lezihlahla kanye coniferous. Labo, esikhundleni salokho, zihlukaniswe coniferous ezibanzi, enezicabha ezimbili, emnyama nokukhanya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona amahlathi okuxubile, lapho kuvezwa njengezinto softwood futhi oluqinile zemithi.

Ngihamba ehlathini, singena esizindeni umphakathi othize. connoisseur Kahle imvelo, i ngalendoda abanolwazi amakhowe futhi amajikijolo uzolandela cranberry ku ehlozini ka ehlathini, ngemuva, bamphathele nezimbali - ku glades kanye ezivulekile, kanye strawberry - emagqumeni libalele futhi onqenqemeni. kungaba ephila kanjani izitshalo ezingafani? It is okwenza ukuba babambisane ezikhona?

Plant umphakathi siqukethe izinhlobo eziningi izitshalo ukuthi ingashintshwa ukuze imvelo efanayo, kodwa usebenzisa ngezindlela ezahlukene. Ngemva izidingo ukukhanya, umswakama, izimo lokushisa awayona ezifanayo.

Ezinjalo njengoba izitshalo ihlathi zisebenzisa ukukhanya? Esikhathini eziyizitezi eyayibaluleke wathutha imiqhele yabo oki ukukhanya-onothando, umlotha, Linden. Esikhathini uqimba yesibili uzizwa ukhululekile mountain ash, inyoni cherry, e-aspen. Lezi zihlahla ziba bafune ukuba ukukhanya. Nezihlahlana ise uqimba lwesithathu. Futhi iningi umthunzi-ukubekezela, wona kanye namakhambi zafakwa yesine.

umphakathi Ihlathi isitshalo has a ingxenye ingxenye esiyingqayizivele, okuthiwa kwezibi zasehlathini. Ngezinye izikhathi ososayensi zihlanganisa wakhe ukuze isihlanganisi yesihlanu. Mushrooms - abakhileyo eyinhloko udoti. Bekanye amakhowe bazivumelanisa khona izakhamuzi ihlathi therein encane namagciwane. Udla efile plant izingxenye, bona ibe humus, futhi humus - e nosawoti wamaminerali, ezibalulekile izitshalo ezintsha.

Bokuhlela ukhona ngomshoshaphansi. izimpande Deep zezihlahla sezedlule. Kancane ephakeme kunezimpande nezihlahla, e-surface - izitshalo utshani. Tiered ilungiselelo izimpande evumela ukuba zikwazi ukuthola izakhi kusukela izingqimba ezahlukene zenhlabathi.

Isimiso kwesizini ka khona

Ukuze uthole kanye nomunye ehlathini hhayi kuphela ilungiselelo ivumela tiered izingxenye aboveground futhi ngaphansi komhlaba zezitshalo, kodwa futhi ukuthuthukiswa kwazo imibandela eyehlukile.

Okokuqala, ngaphambi ecinga, ukuqhakaza emoyeni impova ngezinyosi. Nakuba izihlahla ezinde abangazange okwamanje iqhakazile, umoya khulula ukudluliselwa impova.

Ngisho iqhwa kungafiki phansi, futhi phansi udoti efudumele baye bavuswe izinambuzane. Manje, lapho amagatsha angenalutho yehlathi isuka kwesinye isizukulwane iya eziningi kwelanga, ukuqhakaza primrose futhi Entomophilous.

Kuvulwe nezihlahla oluhlaza futhi primrose kodwa phezu, buthelela rhizomes izakhamzimba. Ukuphila kwabo luqede kuze entwasahlobo elandelayo. indawo yabo esithathwayo ngamanye amakhambi. Nakuba ehlathini eningi ukukhanya, ikhava utshani kuba mkhulu, wehlukile, ngenkuthalo yilona inqubo ye-photosynthesis.

Ngaphansi wequbula etendeni eziluhlaza uma isimo sezulu uthola ukufudumala umoya uyafa phansi, izitshalo eziqhakaza esinindolweni Entomophilous. Ngakho njalo ehlathini, izimo ezidingekile impilo yawo wonke amalungu ayo.

sonwele

amahlathi sonwele ngokuvamile sikhule esindayo zobumba nenhlabathi. izinaliti fir, udoti ubola kancane. Zanqwabelana eminyakeni, it yakha uhlaka, esithinta umswakama, izinga lokushisa inhlabathi umbuso futhi ezinye nezinye izici zalo. Leli hlathi sonwele kancane ukukhanya, futhi kunomswakama. Ngisho ehlobo kushisa usuku epholile. Hhayi phansi ocebile ikhava zilwane. Ngaphansi firs obukhulu ezikhulayo Sorrel umthunzi-onothando, ezihlukahlukene zama-moss, aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, cranberry.

amahlathi zikaphayini

Ihlathi, lapho zikaphayini omele main, ngokuthi emahlathini kaphayini. Bakhetha ukuthumelelana ukukhanya, inhlabathi anesihlabathi. Ukukhanya kwelanga kuzo ngokwanele, kodwa ngenxa yokuntuleka umsoco ezihlukahlukene izitshalo ezincane. Umhlabathi ngokwawo embozwe wona kanye ulele. Phakathi kwabo sikhule itshe berry, aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, cranberry, izinhlobo ezithile Izinhlobo.

amahlathi lezihlahla

Plant umphakathi kwamahlathi lezihlahla, ngokuvamile ehambisana nge onothile in namaminerali. Ukwakheka zilwane ahlukahlukene. Yemithi ungathola oki, Linden, Elm, maple. Kusukela nezihlahla liza hazel, Honeysuckle ukhuni euonymus. ikhava Grassy ocebile zinhlobo: ginger zasendle, amehlo Igwababa goutweed, izinhlobo eziningana insimbi, Anemone nabanye abaningi.

ixhaphozi

Kuyinto umphakathi izitshalo imelelwa zinhlobo eliyingqayizivele ukwazi khona nemibandela ngokweqile umswakama futhi yokushodelwa umoya kuyo. ERussia, le obanzi kunayo enyakatho emaxhaphozini Uthole ihlathi zone kanye ehlathini.

Basuke ihlukaniswe ephansi, okuyinto, zibuye sedge kanye moss, futhi ngehhashi. Ngamunye wabo has a Ukwakheka nobuntu amafomu isitshalo.

echibini

Abahlukahlukene amachibi izitshalo kodwa ukuphila endaweni efanayo. ulisebenzise kuphela ngezindlela ezahlukene.

Ngezinye osebeni, lapho engajulile, bazinza umhlanga, cattail, imihlanga. sifanamsindvo yabo namaqabunga ezibekwe phezu kwamanzi. Zithola carbon dioxide esemoyeni, futhi eningi ukukhanya. Kukhona ezikhulayo kanye capsule. Yabo sifanamsindvo zisekelwe ezansi, njengoba petioles eside sikhuthazele amahlamvu ekukhanyeni.

Kodwa zikhona izitshalo ukuthi musa bavuke kwamanzi. Umsoco bakhuphe zolwandle okuqukethwe zihlakazeke ukukhanya. I ajulile, kancane ke. Izinguquko batshale Ukwakheka: Izitshalo Ephakeme amancane, ikakhulukazi eyayihlala ulwelwe encanyana.

Emvelweni, gcwele gwamanda isitshalo ezihambisana nomphakathi isilwane ahlala endaweni efanayo. Lapha futhi ugu amahlozi ukufuya izakhamuzi eziningi echibini, njengasezulwini engajulile ngokwanele imithombo ukukhanya, ukushisa, ukudla.

Impilo kwesigubhu kwakungenakwenzeka ngaphandle umsebenzi kwezakhamuzi zawo. Bona ukuhlanza echibini, iqhaza umjikelezo we ndaba, ngamanye amazwi, imisebenzi yabo ebalulekile ukusekela ukuqinisela imvelo. Basuke axhumene ngu medium. Emphakathini wamanje ukudala izimo ezidingekile impilo yawo wonke amalungu ayo.

emathafeni

emathafeni isitshalo imiphakathi ezimweni ezikhethekile. Nasi ukushisa kancane, imimoya njalo eqinile, eyiqhwa.

Esikhathini ndawo ebandayo engakhuli ezihlahleni ezinde, kodwa akusho ukuthi abekho ezinhlungwini emathafeni ase-, kodwa incane kakhulu, undersized. lapha kuphela ungabona boletus, okuyinto ziphakeme kunezindlela-birch. Noma ukhetha ukufana nesihlahla belingana berry cloudberry ehlathini.

izihlahla Polar zikhula kancane kakhulu. Ukukhula izindandatho akachazeki kuphela ngesibona-khulu, ebubanzini nasekujuleni kwazo ibalwa in hundredths of a milimitha.

izitshalo ezahlukene ukuzivumelanisa nezimfunda. Kwabaningi, iphethini ukukhula imicamelo. Leli fomu kusiza ukuba simelane isiphepho imimoya. Ngaphakathi umcamelo azigcina ukushisa kangcono. Khula wona emathafeni futhi ulele, zom nezihlahla, amakhambi.

okubangelwa abantu isitshalo emiphakathini

Ukwakhiwa umphakathi othile isitshalo kuthatha okungaphezu kokukodwa yeminyaka. Benziwa, ke zingagcinwa isikhathi eside, aze entelwe phansi ngulabo ubuhlobo bakhe.

emphilweni ukwehluleka ngisho ingxenye encane ehlathini ayikwazi azithalalise. Ngokwesibonelo, ekhoneni lika Ihlathi River kwaba ziyindawo ethandwa of ukunqanda abantu bangathathi izivakashi. Washona multiple ebasa Grassland futhi abasha ukukhula ihlathi. Bush kuvimbela emthambekeni kusukela kumhambela, unciphise. Ophucwa lokuvikeleka kwezifiso ezisemqoka ezingumphumela oluhlaza, sesiye amanzi emfuleni.

Izinguquko ku isitshalo ukuphila emphakathini ziye zabangela izinguquko olunzulu imvelo.

Izakhamuzi emathafeni ase imithetho owaziwa uhlobo endaweni. Ngokwesibonelo, ukushayela umhlambi wezinyamazane weqa ukusuka endaweni endaweni, bona ukugcina kwezimila. Ngemva Yagelnaya nedlelo sidliwe izinyamazane, abuyiselwe eminyakeni 15-20. Isendlalelo inhlabathi thaws ehlobo, lincane kakhulu ezansi - eyiqhwa nohlaza ikhava mncane.

Nature emathafeni ngisengozini ngempela. Nemihuzuko ngamunye, isicelo lapha ukuze izimila, ukuphulukisa isikhathi eside.

Noma ngabe yini eyenziwa abantu emhlabeni abakwazi ezithinta impilo isitshalo. Futhi uma umuntu uyazi ukuthi umphakathi isitshalo, ngokwalokho imithetho ke sebakhiwe, uyokwenza kahle, ngokuhlakanipha.