Ukulungiswa kwe-Allotropic

I-Allotropy ibhekisela ekghweni lama-athomu wesici esisodwa ukwakha izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinto ezilula. Ngakho ukuxhumeka kuhluke komunye nomunye.

Ukulungiswa kwe-Allotropic kuzinzile. Ngaphansi kwemibandela yokucindezela okuqhubekayo ekushiseni okuthile, lezi zinto zingadlulela komunye nomunye.

Ukuguqulwa kwe-allotropic kungakhiwa kusuka emangqamuzana enezinombolo ezahlukene zama-athomu. Isibonelo, isimo se-Oxygen esakhiweni se-ozone (O3) nesimo sangempela yi-oxygen (O2).

Ukuguqulwa kwe-allotropic kungase ibe yizinto ezinamandla ezinama-crystal ahlukene. Lezi zinhlanganisela zihlanganisa, isibonelo, idayimane negraphite. Lezi zinto zingu-allotropic ukuguqulwa kwekhabhoni. Lesi sakhi samakhemikhali singakha izinto ezinhlanu ezilula: i- diamond ne-cubic cubic, i-graphite, i-carbine (ngezinhlobo ezimbili).

Idayimani elisebuseni elitholakalayo liyatholakala emeteorites futhi litholakala ngaphansi kwemibandela yokubhubhisa ngokushisa okwesikhathi eside ngaphansi kwethonya lokucindezela okukhulu kakhulu.

I-Diamond, njengoba yaziwa, yinkimbinkimbi kunazo zonke izinto ezikhona emvelweni. Isetshenziselwa ukugubha amatshe nokusika ingilazi. I-Diamond iyi- crystalline engabalabala engabonakali , ene-index ephezulu yokubheka. Amakristali amadayimane ane-lattice ebusweni obunobuso. Ingxenye yama-athomu e-crystal itholakala ezindaweni ezibukeka ngayo kanye nama-vertic of cube eyodwa, kanti ingxenye esele yama-athomu yindawo yezibuko kanye nama-vertical enye enye i-cube, ehlala endaweni ehambelana nendawo yokuqala ekuqondeni kwe-diagonal yendawo. Ama-athomu akha igridi ye-tetrahedral ezintathu-ntathu lapho anesibopho esivumelana khona.

Kuzo zonke izinto ezilula, idayimane kuphela inombolo enkulu ye-athomu encane kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, lesi sakhi sinamandla kakhulu futhi siqinile. Izibopho eziqinile embonini ye-carbon tetrahedra zinikeza ukuphika okukhulu kwamakhemikhali. Idayimane ingathinteka kuphela yi-fluorine noma i-oksijeni ekushiseni kwama-degree angamakhulu ayisishiyagalolunye.

Ngaphandle kokufinyelela emoyeni, idayimane iphenduka i-graphite ngaphansi kokushisa okuqinile. Lesi sici simelelwa amakristalu ombala omnyama omnyama . I-Graphite ine-luster ene-metallic ebuthakathaka. I-substance is oily kuya ekuthinteni. I-graphite ayimelene nokushisa, ine-conductivity ephakeme kakhulu neyomshini. Into isetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni amapensela.

Ama-carbynes akhiqizwa ngokwenziwa. Liyisici esiqinile sombala omnyama ne-sheen engilazi. Ngaphandle kokufinyelela emoyeni, lapho kushisa, i-carbine iphenduka i-graphite.

Kunesinye isimo se carbon carbon amorphous . Lesi sakhiwo esibuhlungu sitholakala ngokushisa ama-carbon-containing containers. Izindleko ezinkulu zamalahle zitholakala ezimweni zemvelo. Kulesi simo, lezinto zinemibala eminingana. Amalahle angafakwa ngesimo sosizi, amalahle amathambo noma i-coke.

Njengoba sekushiwo kakade, ukuguqulwa kwe-allotropic kwesici esisodwa kubonakala ngesakhiwo esithile se-interatomic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, banikezwa izici ezihlukahlukene zamakhemikhali namzimba.

Isibabule esinye isici esinamandla allotropy. Lesi sici sisetshenziswa umuntu kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Kukhona ukulungiswa okuhlukile kwe-allotropic yesulfure. Okuthandwa kakhulu yi-rhombic. Imelelwa ukuqina okuphuzi. Isibabule se-Rhombic asihlanjululwa ngamanzi (sihamba phezulu). Le ndawo isetshenziselwa ukukhishwa kwendaba. I-Rhombic sulfule isuke isetshenziselwa izixazululo eziphilayo. Isidakamizwa sinomsoco omfutho we-conductivity kagesi nokushisa.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona isibabule seplastiki nesi-monoclinic. Owokuqala yi-amorphous ensundu (efana ne-rubber). Ukhiwa uma isulfure ecibilikile ithululelwa emanzini abandayo. I-monoclinic imelelwe ngezinaliti zamnyama eziphuzi. Ngaphansi kwethonya lokushisa ekamelweni (noma izinga lokushisa eliseduze nalo), kokubili lezi zinguquko ziguquka zibe sulfur rhombic.