Ake sikhulume ngokuthi singathola kanjani amaprotoni, i-neutron nama-electron

Ake sikhulume ngokuthi singathola kanjani amaprotoni, i-neutron nama-electron. Ku-athomu kunezinhlobo ezintathu zezinhlayiya eziyisisekelo, ngayinye inesisindo sayo sokuqala, isisindo.

Isakhiwo se-nucleus

Ukuze siqonde ukuthi singathola kanjani amaprotoni, i-neutron nama-electron, sizoveza izici zesakhiwo se-nucleus. Yingxenye enkulu ye-athomu. Ngaphakathi kwe-nucleus kutholakala amaprotoni ne-neutron, okuthiwa ama-nucleon. Ngaphakathi komgogodla, lezi zinhlayiyana zingene phakathi komunye nomunye.

Isibonelo, ukuthola ama-proton, i-neutron kanye nama-electron e- athomu ye-hydrogen, kubalulekile ukwazi inombolo yayo e-ordinal. Uma sicabanga ukuthi lesi sici siyinhloko yesistimu yezikhathi, i-nucleus yayo iqukethe i-proton eyodwa.

Ububanzi be-nucleus ye-athomu yizinkulungwane eziyishumi zobukhulu obukhulu be-athomu. Kuyo inqwaba ye-athomu yonke igxilile. Ngokwesisindo, i-nucleus idlula izikhathi eziyinkulungwane inani lama-electron akhona e-athomu.

Izinhlamvu zezinhlayiyana

Cabanga ukuthi ungathola kanjani amaprotoni, i-neutron kanye nama-electron e-athomu, futhi ufunde ngezici zazo. I-proton iyinhlayiya eyisisekelo, ehambisana ne-nucleus ye-athomu ye-hydrogen. Ubukhulu bayo budlula i-electron ngezikhathi ezingu-1836. Inkokhelo kagesi isetshenziselwa ukucacisa iyunithi kagesi edlula umqhubi ngesigaba esinqunyiwe.

I-athomu ngayinye e-nucleus inezinombolo ezithile zama-proton. Kuyinto evamile, ehlukanisa izakhi zamakhemikhali nezomzimba zesici esinikeziwe.

Ungathola kanjani amaprotoni, i-neutron kanye nama-electron embonini ye-carbon? Inani le-ordinal yalesi sici samakhemikhali singama-6, ngakho-ke, i-nucleus iqukethe amaprotoni ayisithupha. Ngokwemodeli yeplanethi yesakhiwo se-athomu, ama-electron ayisithupha ahamba azungeze i-nucleus emigqeni. Ukuze unqume inani le-neutron elibaluleka kwe-carbon atomic mass (12), susa inani lama-proton (6), unike i-neutron ayisithupha.

Ngokuba i-athomu yensimbi, inani lama-proton lilingana no-26, okuwukuthi, lesi sici sinombhalo wama-26 we-ordinal kuthebula lezinsuku.

I-neutron iyinhlayiyana engathathi hlangothi kagesi engazinzile esimweni samahhala. I-neutron iyakwazi ukuguqulwa ngokuzenzakalelayo ibe iprotton ephikisiwe, isusa ama-antineutrinos nama-electron. Ukulinganisa isigamu sempilo kungamaminithi angu-12. Inombolo enkulu inani lenani lama-proton ne-neutron ngaphakathi kwe-nucleus ye-athomu. Ake sizame ukuthola ukuthi singathola kanjani amaprotoni, i-neutron nama-electron ku-ion? Uma i-athomu ithola isimo se-oxydation esihle ngesikhathi sokusebenzisana kwamakhemikhali nesinye isici, khona-ke inani le-proton ne-neutron alishintshi kuyo, ama-electron kuphela aphansi.

Isiphetho

Kwakukhona imibono eminingana ngokuphathelene nesakhiwo se-athomu, kodwa akekho okwakungenzeka. Kuze kube nguqulo eyenziwe nguRutherford, kwakungekho incazelo eningiliziwe yendawo ngaphakathi kwe-nucleus ye-proton ne-neutron, kanye nokujikeleza kwimizila ye-electron circular. Ngemuva kokuvela kwendikimba ye-athomu, abacwaningi banethuba lokunquma inani lezinhlayiya ezisemqoka e-athomu, kodwa futhi ukubikezela izakhiwo zomzimba zamakhemikhali ezithile.