Iyini imiphumela yeHholo?

Uma ubuza umuntu owaziyo nge-physics ezingeni lolwazi oluyisisekelo kuphela lokuthi umphumela weHholo uwukuphi nokuthi usetshenziswa kanjani, awukwazi ukuthola impendulo. Ngokumangalisa, ezimweni zezwe lanamuhla lokhu kwenzeka kaningi. Eqinisweni, umphumela weHholo usetshenziswa kumadivayisi amaningi kagesi. Isibonelo, amashayeli asetshenziswe ngekhompuyutha e-floppy disk ayenqume isikhundla sokuqala senjini ngosizo lwe-generator yeHholo. Izinzwa ezihambelanayo "zahambela" ezikhathini zokushayela zanamuhla zamaCD (kokubili CD neDVD). Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkambu zesicelo azibandakanyi izinsimbi ezihlukahlukene zokulinganisa, kepha ngisho nezigesi zogesi ezisuka ekuguquleni kokushisa zibe yizinhlayiya ezikhokhisiwe ngaphansi kwesenzo se-magnetic field (MHD).

U-Edwin Herbert Hall ngo-1879, eqhuba ucwaningo nge-platebe yokuqhuba, wathola ukungenakunyakaziswa, ekubonweni kokuqala, umonakalo wokubonakala kwamandla (voltage), ekusebenzisaneni kwamandla kagesi kanye nensimu yamagnetic. Kodwa mayelana nakho konke okuhlelekile.

Ake senze ukuhlolwa okuncane okucatshangwayo: thatha ipuleti yensimbi bese uvumele ugeleze amanje kagesi. Okulandelayo, siyifaka emkhakheni we-magnetic wangaphandle ngendlela yokuthi imigqa yamandla yasensimini ihlelwe ngayo ngokuphambene nendiza yecala lokuqhuba. Ngenxa yalokho, umehluko ongase ube khona ubonakala ebusweni (ngaphesheya kokuqondiswa kwamanje) . Lona umphumela weHholo. Isizathu sokubukeka kwakhe yiwona owaziwayo u- Lorentz.

Kukhona indlela yokunquma ukubaluleka kwephethiloli ephumela (ngezinye izikhathi kuthiwa yi-Hall okungenzeka). Inkulumo ejwayelekile ithatha ifomu:

Uh = Eh * H,

Lapho i-H yi-thickness plate; I-E imandla yasendle yangaphandle.

Njengoba kungenzeka ukuthi kubangelwa ukuhlelwa kabusha kweziphathisi zecala kumqhubi, kunqunyelwe (inqubo ayiqhubeki kuze kube phakade). Ukufuduka kwezindleko ezihamba ngokuzenzekelayo kuyama ngesikhathi lapho amandla e-Lorentz (F = q * v * B) elinganiswa ne-counteraction q * Eh (q ukukhokha).

Njengoba ubujamo bamanje J bulingana nomkhiqizo wezindleko zamacala, isivinini sabo kanye neyunithi yohlu q, okungukuthi,

J = n * q * v,

Ngokulandelanayo,

V = J / (q * n).

Lokhu kusho (ngokutshela ifomula amandla):

Eh = B * (J / (q * n)).

Hlanganisa konke okushiwo ngenhla bese unquma amandla angamaHholo ngokubaluleka kokushaja:

Uh = (J * B * H) / n * q).

Umphumela weHholo usisivumela ukuthi sitshele ukuthi ngezinye izikhathi ezisezinsimbi, hhayi nge-elekthronikhi, kodwa kuqhutshwa ukuqhutshwa komgodi. Isibonelo, lokhu kuyi-cadmium, i-brillium ne-zinc. Ukufunda umphumela weHholo kuma-semiconductors, akekho owakungabaza ukuthi abathwali bezindleko "yizimbobo". Nokho, njengoba sekukhonjisiwe kakade, lokhu kusebenza ezinsimbi. Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi ekusatshalazweni kwamacala (ukwakheka kwekhono leHholo), i-vector evamile iyokwakhiwa ngama-electron (uphawu olubi). Nokho, kwavela ukuthi ama-electron awadalwa ensimini nhlobo. Ngokwenzayo, le ndawo isetshenziselwa ukucacisa ubungakanani bezinkampani ezithwala izinkampani ku-semiconducting material.

Okungaziwa kakhulu umphumela we-quantum Hall (1982). Ingenye yezinto zokuqhuba i-electron gas (izinhlayiya zingahamba ngokukhululekile kuphela ezinkomba ezimbili) ngaphansi kwezimo zamazinga okushisa e-ultralow kanye nezinsimu eziphezulu eziphezulu zamagnetic. Lapho ufunda lo mphumela, ukutholakala "kokuhlukana" kwatholakala. Omunye uthola umqondo wokuthi ukushaja akukwakhiwa yizinkampani ezithintekayo (1 + 1 + 1), kodwa yizingxenye ezizimele (1 + 1 + 0.5). Kodwa-ke, kwavela ukuthi akukho mithetho ephulwa. Ngokuhambisana neMigomo Ye - Pauli, nxazonke ze-elektroni ngayinye emkhakheni wamagnetic i-vortex ekhethekile idalwa kusukela ku-quanta ye-flux ngokwayo. Ngokuqina okwandayo kwensimu, kwenzeka isimo lapho izincwadi "eyodwa electron = eyodwa vortex" iphela ukwaneliseka. I-particle ngayinye ine-quanta eminingana yamanzi kagesi. Lezi zinhlayiya ezintsha zibangelwa umphumela we-fractional nomphumela weHholo.