I-Catalysis i-catalysis ehlukile futhi engahambisani nayo: sichaza ngezibonelo

Amanye ukusebenzisana kwamakhemikhali ngokwabo kubonakala kunzima kakhulu noma kungenzeki nhlobo. Futhi-ke izinto ezikhethekile - izisusa - ziza usizo. Bavumela "ukweqa umkhawulo" - futhi ukusabela kuqala, nakuba ngaphandle kwabo bekungeke kuqale noma kwenzeke kancane kakhulu. I-Catalyzes i-catalysis ehambelanayo neyindilinga. Lisho ukuthini lawa magama?

Igama lingase lihluke kuye ngokuthi ngabe i-catalyst ne-reagents zisendaweni eyodwa. I-catalyst yona ngokwayo ayidli ekuphenduleni. Uma ubona izigaba ezimbili nomngcele phakathi kwezinto kanye ne-catalyst, i-catalysis izoba yi-heterogeneous. Okufanayo kungashiwo ngecala uma isimo sezwe esiyinkimbinkimbi nese-catalyst ehlukile. I-homogeneous ivela esimeni esihambisanayo, esigabeni esisodwa.

Uma kwenzeka i-catalysis engavamile, i-catalyst ivame ukuqina, futhi ama-reagents angama-liquids, noma ahlakazwa ngamanzi, noma amagesi. Kule nkinga, ama-reagents agxiliswa ngezikhungo ezivuthayo (hhayi ukuphazamisa ukukhangisa nokumuncwa.) Okokuqala kusho uhlobo lokuthi "ukugcoba" phezulu, okwesibili, uma into ethile ingena ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo somunye).

Kukhona ukusebenzisana kwamakhemikhali phakathi kwama-molecule we-reagent kanye ne-catalyst. Kungabandakanya kokubili ukuphikisana kwamakhemikhali ebusweni kanye nokwehliswa kwezibopho ngaphakathi kwama-molecule we-reagent. Khona-ke ukusabela kwenzeka, lapho ngokuvamile ama-molecule wezinto ezisele ezithinta ama-molecule we-reagent yokuqala. Umphumela wokuphendula ususwa, "uhlanjululwe" kusuka ezikhungweni ezisebenzayo. Njengoba sekushiwo kakade, i-catalyst ayidli ekuphenduleni. Ubuningi be-reagents nemikhiqizo iyashintsha.

I-Catalysis i-catalysis ehambelana ne-homogeneous ne-heterogeneous isetshenziswa kakhulu embonini. Sinikeza isibonelo sesibili, ngoba sesivele sibheka njengesihloko.

Njengoba wazi, i-margarine - amafutha agcwele. Kuqinile ngokuvumelana. Futhi amafutha yemifino, avela kuwo, ikakhulukazi ayenamanzi. Indlela yokufeza ukuqina? Nge-hydrogenation, okungukuthi, izibopho ezimbili ze-athomu ze-carbon ziba zingashadile ngenxa yokwengezwa kwama-athomu e-hydrogen. Futhi njengoba i-catalyst isebenza nge-nickel yensimbi esimweni esiqinile. Amafutha, atholakala kule mpendulo, abizwa ngokuthi i-hydrogenated. Yiqiniso, njengawo wonke amafutha agcwele, awawusizo kakhulu, kepha ukuwademeza nakho akufanele.

I-Catalysis i-catalysis ehambelanayo neyindilinga kufanele iqondwe, ngoba isiza ukuchaza hhayi kuphela izimboni kodwa nezinqubo zemvelo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukubhujiswa kocingo lwe-ozone kuyisibonelo se-catalysis ehambisanayo.

I-ozone ibhujiswe futhi iphindwe futhi ngokuvezwa kwama-molecule e-ultraviolet irradiation. Kodwa-ke, inqubo evamile iyaphazanyiswa phambi kwama-klorine nama-molecules e-fluorocarbon, asekhona emkhathini njengama-gesi futhi yimikhiqizo yokukhishwa kwemboni. Kwenzekani kulokhu? Ama-molecule we-chlorine kanye ne-fluorine compounds of carbon collide nama- molecule e-ozone futhi athathe kuwo i-athomu eyodwa. Khona-ke, isakhi se-chlorine ene-oksijeni sithinteka ngenye i-molecule ye-ozone, okuholela ekubeni i-molecule ye-oksijini kanye ne-chlorine evuselelwe engakwazi ukubhubhisa izinkulungwane zama-molecule e-ozone. Ngakho-ke, i-catalysis ehambisanayo ikhona. Njengoba ubona, ulwazi lenkqubo luvumela ukuthi siqonde ukuthi umuntu kufanele aqaphele ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ezithile neziphuzo eziqandisini.

Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi izinto ezivusa ukwenziwa kwe-catalyst homogeneous and heterogeneous azikwazi nje ukusheshisa ukusabela, kodwa futhi ziphuza phansi. Kulesi simo, kuthiwa yi-inhibitors. Futhi nanoma yiziphi izinto ezithintekayo, zingathinteka yizinto ezithile: ama-accelerators noma izinhlayiya ze-catalyst. Ngakho-ke, inqubo ye-catalysis iyinkimbinkimbi, futhi ngokuqonda kwayo kubalulekile ukuqonda izimbangela ze-catalysis. Futhi kwenzeka ngoba kule nqubo inamandla okusebenza okuncane ayadingeka , ngoba inqubo ihamba ngendlela ehlukile kunokuba ihambe ngokwayo.

Njengombana sibonile, izibonelo ze-catalysis zingahluka khulu ngokuthanda umuntu. Nokho, ukuze ushintshe umhlaba, udinga ukukuqonda. Ngakho-ke, isayensi yokufunda, hhayi kuphela "i-vpoglyadku."