Yiziphi i-genotypes? Ukubaluleka kwe-genotype ezenzweni zesayensi nezemfundo

I-Genetics iye yasimangaza kaningi kanye nempumelelo yayo emkhakheni wokutadisha i-genome yomuntu nezinye izinto eziphilayo. Ukusebenza okulula nokubala akukwenzi ngaphandle kwemibono nemibono evunyelwe ngokuvamile, engavumeli le sayensi.

Yiziphi i-genotypes?

Leli gama liqondwa ukuthi lisho iqoqo lezinhlobo zomzimba ezilondolozwe kuma-chromosomes ngayinye yamaseli awo. Umqondo we-genotype kufanele uqhathaniswe ne-genome, ngoba kokubili amagama anethonya elihlukile lexical. Ngakho, i-genome yizo zonke izakhi zofuzo zalolu hlobo (i-genome yomuntu, i-monkey genome, unogwaja we-genome).

I-genotype yomuntu ikhiwa kanjani?

Iyiphi i-genotype ku-biology? Ekuqaleni, kwakucatshangwa ukuthi isethi yezinhlobo zomzimba zesitho ngayinye yomzimba ihlukile. Lo mbono waphenduka kusukela ngesikhathi lapho ososayensi bethola indlela yokwakheka kwe-zygote kusuka kuma-gametes amabili: owesilisa nowesifazane. Kusukela noma yikuphi okuphilayo okuphilayo okwakhiwa kusukela ku-zygote ngokuhlukana okuningi, akulula ukucabanga ukuthi wonke amaseli alandelayo azoba nesethi efanayo yezinhlobo zomzimba.

Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa i-genotype yababelethi kubazali. I-embryo esiswini sikamama inesiqingatha sezinhlobo zezakhi zofuzo ezivela kumama nobaba, ngakho-ke izingane, nakuba zifana nabazali bazo, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo azizona izihlobo zazo ezingu-100%.

Iyini i-genotype ne-phenotype? Uyini umehluko wabo?

I-phenotype yiyo yonke into yazo zonke izibonakaliso zangaphandle nezangaphakathi zomzimba. Izibonelo zihlanganisa umbala wezinwele, ukutholakala kwama-freckles, ukukhula, uhlobo lwegazi, inani le-hemoglobin, ukuqala noma ukungabi khona kwe-enzyme.

Noma kunjalo, i-phenotype ayiyona into ecacile futhi ehlala njalo. Uma ubheka izinhlamvu, khona-ke umbala woboya babo buhlukahluka kuye ngokuthi inkathi: ehlobo zimpunga, futhi ebusika zimsundu.

Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi iqoqo lezakhi zofuzo lihlale linomphela, futhi i-phenotype ingahluka. Uma sicabangela umsebenzi obalulekile weli cell ngalinye lomzimba emzimbeni, noma yiliphi liphethe i-genotype efana nhlobo. Kodwa-ke, omunye uhlanganisa i-insulin, enye i-keratin, isenzo sesithathu. Ngamunye akafani nhlobo ngesimo nobukhulu, imisebenzi. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi ukubonakaliswa kwe-phenotypic. Yilokho okuyi-genotypes futhi yiziphi ukungafani kwazo kusukela ku-phenotype.

Lesi simo sichazwa ukuthi uma uhlukanisa ama-germ cells, ezinye izakhi zofuzo zifakiwe emsebenzini, kanti ezinye zisesimweni "sokulala". Lezi zinsuku noma zonke izimpilo zabo zihlala zingasebenzi, noma ziphinde zisetshenziswe yiseli ezimweni ezicindezelayo.

Izibonelo zokurekhoda ama-genotypes

Ngokwenza njalo, ukutadisha ulwazi lwefa lwenziwa ngokusebenzisa i-genetic code coding. Isibonelo, isisindo samaso aluhlaza sibhaliwe ngencwadi enkulu "A", futhi amehlo aluhlaza - incwadi encane "a". Ngakho-ke bonisa ukuthi isibonakaliso sabantu abakhulu sikhulu, futhi umbala ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka uyinto ephindaphindiwe.

Ngakho, ngesisekelo sabantu kungaba:

• Ama-homozygotes aphezulu (AA, ama-brown eyes);
• Ama-Heterozygotes (Aa, ama-brown eyes);
• I-homozygotes esheshayo (aa, i-blue eyed).

Ngalesi simiso, ukuxhumana kwezakhi zofuzo komunye nomunye kuhlolisiswa, kanti izimbalwa eziningana zegesi zivame ukusetshenziswa ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ngakho-ke lo mbuzo uphakama: uyini i-genotype 3 (4/5/6, njll)?

Inkulumo enjalo isho ukuthi ama-pair of gesheni athathwe ngesikhathi esisodwa. Umlando uzoba, isibonelo, okulandelayo: AABBC. Lapha kunezakhi zofuzo ezintsha ezibhekene nezibonakaliso ezihluke ngokuphelele (isibonelo, izinwele eziqondile kanye nama-curls, ukuba khona kwamaprotheni noma ukungabikho).

Kungani irekhodi ejwayelekile ye-genotype irekhodi?

Noma yisiphi isakhi esitholwa ososayensi sinalo igama elithile. Ngokuvamile lezi yizimiso zesiNgisi noma imishwana, engafinyelela ubude obude ngobude. Ukupela amagama amagama kunzima kwabameleli besayensi yezwe, ngakho-ke ososayensi baye bafaka irekhodi elilula lezakhi zofuzo.

Ngisho noma umfundi esikoleni esiphakeme ngezinye izikhathi angazi ukuthi i-genotype 3a iyini. Irekhodi elinjalo lisho ukuthi izintathu ezintathu zegesi ezifanayo zithinte isakhi. Uma usebenzisa igama langempela legeni, ukuqonda izimiso zokuzalwa kungaba nzima.

Uma sikhuluma ngama-laboratories lapho kuqhutshwa khona izifundo ezijulile ze-karyotype ne-DNA, khona-ke amagama asemthethweni wezakhi zofuzo asetshenziselwa. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulu kulabo ososayensi abashicilela imiphumela yocwaningo lwabo.

Lapho kusetshenziswa khona ama-genotypes

Esinye isici esihle sokusebenzisa izincazelo ezilula yiyona yonke indawo. Izinkulungwane zezakhi zofuzo zinegama lawo eliyingqayizivele, kodwa ngayinye yazo ingamelwa kuphela yi-alfabhethi yesiLatini. Ezingxenyeni eziningi kakhulu, lapho uxazulula izinkinga zofuzo zezimpawu ezihlukene, lezi ziphindaphindiwe kaningi, ngesikhathi ngasinye incazelo ichazwa. Isibonelo, komunye umsebenzi i-gene B yimibala emnyama yezinwele, kanti kwenye ingukuthi kukhona khona imvukuzane.

Umbuzo othi "yiziphi izinhlobo ze-genotypes" akhuliswa kuphela emakilasini e-biology. Eqinisweni, ukuhlanganiswa kwezinkomba kubangela ukungalingani kokumiswa nemigomo kwisayensi. Ukukhuluma kahle, ukusebenzisa i-genotypes kuyimodeli yezibalo. Ekuphileni kwangempela, konke kuyinkimbinkimbi, naphezu kokuba isimiso esijwayelekile sisakwazi ukudluliselwa ephepheni.

Ngokuvamile, i-genotypes ngendlela esiyazi ngayo isetshenziselwa uhlelo lwemfundo yesikole kanye neyunivesithi ekuxazululeni izinkinga. Lokhu kwenza kube lula ukuqonda isihloko esithi "yiziphi i-genotypes" futhi kukhulisa ikhono labafundi lokuhlaziya. Esikhathini esizayo, ikhono lokusebenzisa irekhodi elinjalo libuye liwusizo, noma kunjalo, ekucwaningweni kwangempela, le migomo kanye namagama wegciwane afaneleke kakhulu.

Njengamanje, izakhi zofuzo zifundiswa ema laboratories ahlukahlukene eziphilayo. Ukubethelwa nokusetshenziswa kwe-genotypes kuyadingeka ekubonisaneni kwezokwelapha, uma okunye noma eziningi zezici zilandelwa ezizukulwaneni eziningi. Ekuphumeni, ochwepheshe bangacacisa ukubonakaliswa kwe-phenotypic ezinganeni ezinethuba elithile (isibonelo, ukubukeka kwama-25% wamacala ama-blondes noma ukuzalwa kwama-5% wezingane ezine-polydactyly).