Izindlela zokucwaninga ezincane ze-microbiology

представляют собой способы изучения разнообразных объектов с использованием специального оборудования. Izindlela zokucwaninga ezincane zindlela zokutadisha izinto ezihlukahlukene usebenzisa imishini ekhethekile. Ivumela ukuba sicabange isakhiwo sezinto nezinto eziphilayo, ubukhulu balo obudlulele emkhakheni wegunya lokuxazulula kweso lomuntu. Kulesi sihloko sizokwenza ukuhlaziywa okufushane ngezindlela ezincane zokuphenya.

Ulwazi jikelele

используют в своей практике разные специалисты. Izindlela zanamuhla zokucwaninga ezincane zisetshenziswe ochwepheshe abahlukahlukene emisebenzini yabo. Phakathi kwabo, i-virologists, i-cytologists, i-hematologists, i-morphologists nezinye. Izindlela eziyinhloko zocwaningo oluncane luyaziwa isikhathi eside. Okokuqala, lena yindlela yokukhanya yokubuka izinto. Eminyakeni yamuva, ezinye izinto zobuchwepheshe ziye zafakwa ngokuzikhandla. . Ngakho-ke, ukuthandwa kwakuthola ukuhlukaniswa kwesigaba, ukukhanya, ukuphazanyiswa, ukuhoxiswa, i-infrared, i-ultraviolet, indlela yokuphenya nge- stereoscopic. Zonke zisekelwe ezinhlobonhlobo zezakhiwo zokukhanya. . Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindlela ze-electron ezincane zokuphenya ziyasetshenziswa kakhulu. Lezi zindlela zikuvumela ukuthi ubonise izinto usebenzisa ukuhamba kwezinhlayiya ezikhokhisiwe. Kufanele kuqaphele ukuthi lezo zindlela zokutadisha azisebenzisi nje kuphela ku-biology nemithi. в промышленности. Indlela encane yokutadisha izinsimbi nama-alloys embonini ithandwa kakhulu. Ukutadisha okunjalo kusivumela ukuba sihlolisise ukuziphatha kwamakhemikhali, ukuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe ukuze kuncishiswe amathuba okubhujiswa nokuqinisa amandla.

Izindlela zokukhanya: isici

и других объектов базируются на различной разрешающей способности оборудования. Izindlela ezinjalo ezincane zokutadisha izinambuzane nezinye izinto zisekelwe ekunqumweni okuhlukile kwemishini. Izici ezibalulekile kulolu cala yilokho okuqondiswa kwe-boram, izici zento ngokwayo. I-last, ikakhulukazi, ingaba esobala noma i-opaque. Ngokuhambisana nezakhiwo zento, izakhiwo zomzimba zokukhanya okukhanyayo - ukukhanya nombala, okubangelwa ubukhulu nobubanzi be-wavelength, indiza, isigaba nesiqondiso sokusakazwa kwegagasi - ushintsho. . Ekusebenziseni lezi zici, izindlela ezahlukene zokuphenya zakhiwa.

Okucacile

Ukuze ufunde ukukhanya, izinto zivame ukudwetshwa. Lokhu kusenza sikwazi ukubona nokuchaza ezinye zezindawo zabo. Kubalulekile ukuthi izicubu zilungiswe, ngoba umbala uzoveza izakhiwo ezithile kuphela amaseli abulawe. Ezakhiweni eziphilayo, idayi ikhishwa njenge-vacuole ku-cytoplasm. Awupende isakhiwo. Kodwa ngosizo lwe-microscope elula, ungahlola futhi izinto eziphilayo. Kulokhu, indlela yokufunda ebalulekile isetshenziswa. Ezimweni ezinjalo, kusetshenziselwa isikhuhlane se-dark-field. Yakhelwe kumakrofrikhi amancane.

Ukufundwa kwezinto ezingenalutho

Yenziwa nge-microscopy ye-phase-contrast. Le ndlela isekelwe ekuhlukaneni kwe-ray ngokuhambisana nezici zento. Ngenqubo yokuchayeka, ukuguqulwa kwesigaba nesilinganiso se-wavelength kubonakala. Iphaka eliguquguqukayo likhona ku-lens ye-microscope. Ukuphila noma okuhleliwe, kodwa hhayi izinto ezinemibala ngenxa yokubonakala kwabo ngokucacile akusho ukushintsha umbala nobukhulu bebhande elidlula kuwo, okwenza ushintsho lwesigaba sokusakaza kuphela. Kodwa ngenkathi edlula kulowo nto, ukukhanya okukhanya kuyaphambuka kusuka epuleti. Ngenxa yalokho, phakathi kwemisebe idlula kulowo nto, futhi ingena emlandweni okhanyayo, kubonakala umehluko emkhatsini we-wave. Ngenani elithile, ukubonakala okubonakalayo kwenzeka - into emnyama izobonakala ngokucacile ngemuva kwesizinda esincane noma ngokuphambene nalokho (ngokuhambisana nezici zepuleti yesigaba). Ukuze uwuthole, umehluko akufanele ube ngaphansi kwe-1/4 yobude be-wavelength.

Indlela ye-anthropic

Kuyindlela enhle yokuhlukanisa isigaba. Indlela ye-anthropic ihilela ukusetshenziswa kwe-lens enezigcawu ezikhethekile eziguqula kuphela umbala nokukhanya kokukhanya kwesizinda. Lokhu kukhulisa kakhulu amathuba okutadisha izinto ezingenasici eziphilayo. , паразитологии при изучении растительных и животных клеток, простейших организмов. Indlela yokuqhathanisa inhlangothi-ndlela isetshenziselwa i-microbiology , i-parasitology ekucwaningweni kwamaseli ezitshalo nezilwane, i-protozoa. E-hematology, le ndlela isetshenziselwa ukubala nokunquma ukuhlukaniswa kwezakhi zegazi kanye namathambo omongo.

Izimpendulo zokungena

решают в целом те же задачи, что и фазово-контрастные. Lezi zindlela zokucwaninga ezincane zixazulula ngokujwayelekile izinkinga ezifanayo njengendlela yokuhlukanisa isigaba. Kodwa-ke, kule nkinga yokugcina, ochwepheshe bangabheka kuphela izinto ezithinta izinto. методы исследования позволяют изучать их части, выполнять количественную оценку элементов. Izindlela zokucwaninga ezincane zokuxhumana zivumela ukuba ufunde izingxenye zawo, wenze ukuhlolwa okulinganiselwe kwezakhi. Lokhu kungenzeka ngenxa ye-bifurcation ye-borrow light. Umfudlana owodwa udlula inhlayiyana yento, kanti enye idlula. Esikhathini sombukiso we-microscope, bayaguqula futhi baphazamise. Umkhawulo wesigaba ophumela kungatholakala ngesisindo sezinhlaka ezahlukene zeselula. Uma kulinganiswa ngokulandelana kwemikhawulo yezinhlawulo ezinikeziwe , kunokwenzeka ukuthi kutholakale ubukhulu bezinhlayiya ezingaguquki nezinto eziphilayo, okuqukethwe kwamaprotheni kuwo, ukugxila kwendaba eyomile namanzi, njll Ngokuhambisana nedatha etholakalayo, ochwepheshe bayakwazi ukuhlola ngokuqondile imbrane ukuphelelwa amandla, umsebenzi we-enzyme, kanye nokusetshenziswa komzimba kwamaselula.

I-polarization

Iyenziwa ngosizo lwezinsizi zikaNicolas noma ama-polaroids amafilimu. Zibekwe phakathi kokulungiselela kanye nomthombo wokukhanya. позволяет изучать объекты с неоднородными свойствами. Indlela yokwenza uphenyo ezincane ze- polarization ku-microbiology ivumela ukutadisha izinto ezinempahla engaxhunyiwe. Ezakhiweni ze-isotropi, ijubane lokusabalalisa ukukhanya akuxhomekile kulelo ndege ekhethiwe. Ezingxenyeni ze-anisotropi, i-velocity ihluka ngokuhambisana nesiqondiso sokukhanya eceleni kwe-axis transverse noma longitudinal yento. Uma inkomba yokucubungula ehambisana nesakhiwo inkulu kunaleyo ehamba phambili, ukukhishwa kokubili okuhle kudala. Lesi yisici sezinhlobo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo, lapho kutholakala khona ukuma kwe-molecular eqinile. Zonke ziyi-anisotropi. Lesi sigaba, ikakhulukazi, sihlanganisa ama-myofibril, ama-neurofibrils, i-cilia epithelium enamafutha, ama-collagen fibers nabanye.

Inani lokubamba iqhaza

Ukuqhathaniswa kohlobo lokukhipha imisebe kanye nenani le-anisotropy lezinto kwenza kube lula ukuhlola inhlangano yamangqamuzana yesakhiwo. Indlela yokubamba iqhaza yenza njengenye yezindlela ze-histological analysis, isetshenziswe ku-cytology, njll. Ekukhanyeni kungenzeka ukuba ufunde izinto ezingemibala kuphela. Indlela yokwenza ukukhishwa kwesikhumba yenza kube lula ukuphenya nge-unpainted and non-fixed - amalungiselelo ezenzelwe izicubu.

Amasu e-fluorescent

Zisekelwe ezintweni ezithile zezinto ukunikeza ukukhanya endaweni engxenyeni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma e-UV-ray. Izinto eziningi, ngokwesibonelo amaprotheni, amavithamini amancane, ama-coenzymes, imithi, anikezwe ukukhanya okuyisisekelo (siqu). Ezinye izinto ziqala ukuvutha ngokungezwa kwama-fluorochromes - ama-dyes akhethekile. Lezi zithasiselo zikhethiwe ngokukhethekile noma zisatshenziselwa izakhiwo zamaselula ngamunye noma ama-chemical compounds. Le ndawo yakha isisekelo sokusetshenziswa kwe- microscopy ye- luminescence kwizifundo ze- hertochemical ne- cytological.

Izindawo zokusetshenziswa

Ukusebenzisa i-immuno-fluorescence, izazi zithola ama-antigens egazini futhi zakha ukuhlushwa kwazo, zikhomba amagciwane, imizimba ephikisayo nama-antigen, ama-hormone, imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene yemithi nokunye okunjalo. Kule ndaba, lapho kutholakala i-herpes, izimpumputhe, i-hepatitis yegciwane, umkhuhlane kanye nezinye izifo ezisebenzisa izindlela zokucwaninga zokwakha izinto ezisetshenziswayo. иммуно-флуоресцентный способ позволяет распознавать опухоли злокачественного характера, определять ишемические участки в сердце на ранних этапах инфаркта и пр. Indlela encane-fluorescent encane ivumela ukubona izicubu zomlingiswa ononya, ukucacisa ama-patched ischemic enhliziyweni ezinyathelweni zakuqala ze-infarction, njll.

Ukusetshenziswa kokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet

Isekelwe ekutheni iningi lezinto ezifakwe emangqamuzaneni aphilayo, ama-microorganisms noma azinzile, kodwa angenalutho, avulekile, ebonakalayo ekukhanyeni okubonakalayo ukuze athole imisebe ye-UV yesikhathi eside. Lokhu kuvamile, ikakhulukazi, ngamakhemikhali aphezulu. Lezi zihlanganisa amaprotheni, ama-acidi elimnandi (methylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine, njll), ama-nucleic acids, ama-pyramidal kanye ne-purine, njalo njalo. I-microscopy ye-ultraviolet ivumela ukuthi sikwazi ukucacisa indawo yangakini kanye nenombolo yalezi zinhlanganisela. Lapho ufunda izinto eziphilayo, ochwepheshe bangabona izinguquko ezinkambweni zomsebenzi wabo wokuphila.

Okuthuthukisiwe

I-microscopy ephathekayo isetshenziselwa ukuhlolwa kwezinto ezivulekile ukukhanya nokukhanya kwe-UV ngokuzibamba ngezakhiwo zokugeleza nge-longueur yobude buka 750-1200 nm. Ukuze usebenzise le ndlela, akudingekile ukuba uphathe amakhemikhali ngaphambilini. Njengomthetho, indlela ye-infrared isetshenziswe ku-anthropology, i-zoology nezinye amagatsha eziphilayo. Ngokuphathelene nomuthi, le ndlela isetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ophthalmology neuromorphology. Ukutadisha izinto ezizenzekelayo kuyenziwa ngokusebenzisa i-microscopy stereoscopic. Imiklamo yemishini yenza kube lula ukugcina ilanga lesobunxele nelungile emazwini ahlukene. Izinto opaque ziphenywa ngokunyuka okuncane (hhayi izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-120). Izindlela ezithandwayo zisetshenziselwa ukwelashwa kwemithi, i-pathomorphology, emithi yokwelapha.

I-electron microscopy

Isetshenziselwa ukutadisha isakhiwo samangqamuzana nama-tishu emazingeni ama-macromolecular and subcellular. I-electron microscopy iye yakwenza ukuba kwenzeke ukuqubuka kweningi emkhakheni wocwaningo. Le ndlela isetshenziswa kakhulu kwi-biochemistry, oncology, virology, morphology, immunology, genetics kanye namanye amagatsha. Ukunyuka okuphawulekayo kwamandla okuxazulula imishini kuqinisekiswa ukugeleza kwama-electrons adlula emasimini kagesi ku-vacuum. Lezi zinsuku zenziwe ngamalensi akhethekile. Ama-electron anekhono lokudlulisa isakhiwo sento noma ukuboniswa kubo ngeziphambeko ezivela emazingeni ahlukene. Ngenxa yalokho, ukubonisa kudalwe kusikrini se-fluorescent yedivayisi. Ngenkimbinkimbi ye-transmission, isithombe sendawo esitholakala, ngesithombe sokuskena, ngokulandelana, isithombe sevolumu.

Okudingekayo

Kumele uqaphele ukuthi ngaphambi kokuhlolwa kwe-electronic microscopic, into iyafakwa ekuqeqesheni okukhethekile. Ngokuyinhloko, izicubu nezinhlobo zezilwane ezisetshenziswa ngokomzimba noma ngamakhemikhali zisetshenziswa. I-sectional kanye ne-biopsy impahla, ngaphezu kwalokho, iyamanzi, ihlanganiswe kuma-resin epoxy, uthathe idayimane noma izingilazi zangilazi zibe izingxenye ezincane kakhulu. Bese baphathaniswa futhi bafundiswa. In microscope ukuskena, ukufakwa kwezinto kuhlolwe. Ukwenza lokhu, zifakwe izinto ezikhethekile ekamelweni lokugcoba.