Umqondo "wokuziphendukela kwemvelo" kwefilosofi

Umlando, i-biology, ifilosofi nezinye izinsizwa zihamba njalo. Ngakho-ke, akumangazi ukuthi ezinye izingqinamba zingahunyushwa kusukela ezinhlangothini eziningana. Umqondo "wokuziphendukela kwemvelo" kuze kube yilolu suku unezincazelo ezingacacile kakhulu. Ososayensi abaningi bazama ukuthola incazelo engcono kakhulu yeli gama.

Isimo jikelele sezinto

Uma sizwa "ukuziphendukela kwemvelo", ngokushesha sibona uDarwin ngezinkolelo zakhe nezisombululo. Eqinisweni, leli gama linomlando omude futhi lihlaziywa emakhulwini eminyaka embalwa ngokulandelana. Kuvame ukusetshenziselwa umbuzo wokuthuthukiswa kwesintu ngomqondo omncane futhi ukhohlwe ngokuphelele ngezinye izindawo ezibanzi.

Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kukhulunywa ngokuphindaphindiwe kanye nokuguqulwa nokuhlaziywa. Umqondo owodwa ukuqhubeka kokusebenza kokuqala. Owesibini ubonisa okuphambene nakho. Noma yikuphi, umqondo wokuthi "ukuziphendukela kwemvelo" unesici esivamile esizozama ukukuthola.

Ukuhumusha

Njengoba sesishilo kakade, leli gama lingachazwa kokubili ngomqondo omncane nangomqondo obanzi. Yayisetshenziswa okokuqala futhi ngokuvamile yaqashelwa ngekhulu le-19. Uma sifuna ukusho mayelana nokuthuthukiswa komzimba noma umuntu, ngaleyo ndlela incazelo yencazelo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo isetshenziswe njengesikhathi esincane. Uma sifuna ukukhuluma ngenqubekela phambili yabantu, kulokhu ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kubanzi nakakhulu. Kodwa-ke, leli gama lihlotshaniswa nentuthuko hhayi nje kuphela kwezwe eliphilayo, kodwa futhi elilinganiselwe, ngakho-ke lizochazwa kabanzi, esimweni sefilosofi.

Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi incazelo yeli gama ayishintshi kusuka noma ngabe sizomisa noma sandisa isikhathi. Noma kunjalo, incazelo yomqondo wokuziphendukela kwemvelo ikhona egameni elithi "ukuthuthukiswa". Futhi kungakhathaliseki ukuthuthukiswa komuntu, umlando noma ukuthula, incazelo ngeke ishintshe. Ngakho-ke kuvela ukuthi kuwo wonke amacala angenhla okuqukethwe kuhlala unomphela. Kuhlala kuphela ukuthola izimpawu ezivamile.

Imibandela yokuphila

Uma ubuzwa: "Nikeza incazelo yomqondo wokuziphendukela kwemvelo," okuzokhonjiswa ngokushesha? Okokuqala kudingekile ukukhuluma ngezimo, ngaphandle kokungeke kube khona. Okokuqala kuyashintsha. Kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi akuzona zonke izinguquko eziziphendukela kwemvelo, kodwa noma yikuphi ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kuhlanganisa izinguquko. Ngokusobala, uma bekungekho izinqubo, umhlaba wawuyoba ngaphandle kokuziphendukela kwemvelo.

Isimo esilandelayo yisici esihlukile. Izinguquko azihlali zihle njalo. Kodwa ngokusho kwemibhalo, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kuhluke ngokuthi ekuhambeni kwenqubo kukhona ukushintshela kombuso ophelele kakhulu. Okusho ukuthi, into iyashintsha futhi iba yinkimbinkimbi, ibalulekile futhi ibalulekile. Futhi akukhathaleki, izinguquko ezibonakalayo noma ezithintekayo zenzeka.

Isimo esilandelayo siphathelene nobunye bezindaba. Kulokhu, isichazamazwi se-encyclopedic sikaBrackhaus no-Efron sinikeza isibonelo ngamanzi. Uma izinguquko zenzeka ngamanzi, futhi zihlukaniswe zibe izingxenye, ekugcineni ziphuma: kokubili amanzi ngokwawo kanye ne-oxygen ene-hydrogen ingaba khona ngokuzimela. Ngakho-ke, akukho nentuthuko enkulu nakakhulu okwenzekanga. Kulokhu, umqondo "wokuziphendukela kwemvelo" awufanelekile. Kungasebenza kuphela uma isimo esisha singashintsha indawo yangaphambili, okungukuthi, intuthuko yenzeka.

Isigaba

Sekuyisikhathi eside leli gama lizama ukufaka izicelo ezinhlokweni ezihlukahlukene zokuphila. Futhi uma kungachazwa ngokuqondakalayo ngokuphila okuphilayo, khona-ke ngokomlando kukhona ukungabaza. Singasho kalula ngokukhula komzimba. Kodwa manje mayelana nokuthuthukiswa kwezimiso ezingokomoya ngokushesha kuphakama imibuzo. Ukuthuthukiswa kwengqondo kubonakala sengathi kuyabonakala, nakuba bekucindezelwa ukuhlaselwa komzimba kanye nokubhujiswa okuphelele kwamasonto onke amasiko.

Noma kunjalo, isizathu esiyinhloko sokuthi kungani umqondo oyisisekelo wokuziphendukela kwemvelo uvele ngefilosofi futhi wadluliselwa ezweni eliphilayo kwakuyinto edingekayo yokuhlaziya yonke into. Yiqiniso, kungase kuphakame ngokushesha isifiso sokuqeda yonke imingcele ekhona phakathi kwabafileyo nabaphilayo, inkinga nomoya. Kuyoba khona labo abangacabanga ukuthi ukuvela kokuphila kuvela ekufeni okuyizinto ezifile futhi ngokulandelana.

Isizathu sesibili sihlobene nemibono yokuziphatha okuhle. Umqondo wokuziphendukela kwefilosofi kwenza lesi sici sokuphila kwezenhlalakahle noma ngisho nomuntu siqu kube yinto yomhlaba.

Ezinye izizathu

Indima ebalulekile idlala futhi i-cosmism ne geology. U-Spencer wabacaphuna phansi ngaphansi kohlelo lokuthuthukiswa futhi waqhubeka nemibono yabososayensi bokuqala mayelana nethonya lokuziphendukela kwemvelo kokunye.

Umcwaningi uyaphawula ukuthi isisekelo salo siphila ekuguqukisweni kwezinto ezihambelanayo, futhi isizathu salesi senzo ukuthi noma yikuphi amandla angenza izinguquko eziningana, njengoba nje noma yisiphi isenzakalo senza izenzo eziningana. Yiqiniso, uhlelo olunjalo luvele lubonise enye yemibandela yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngobunye.

Ukuthinta ifilosofi

Ngokwemvelo, leli gama lithole ukusekelwa okuqinile kusuka kuDarwinism neTransformism. Umsebenzi wezwe ophilayo wawuxazululwa kalula ngencazelo yokuthi noma iyiphi ifomu ingahunyushwa ngokuhlukaniswa komunye noma amafomu ambalwa alula.

Ngakho, kwacaca ukuthi ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kuhlobene ngqo nomlando. Inakho konke ukuphelela nokunciphisa okufanayo. Kodwa yilokho okwaholela ekukholweni ukuthi ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kuhilela kuphela ukuzalwa kwezimo futhi akuyona neze indlela yabo yokuqala. Ngenxa yalokho, udinga ukuhunyushwa kusukela ohlangothini lwefilosofi nezengezo ezivela emibonweni ehlukene yamafilosofi.

Konke okuphambene nokuphikisana

Umqondo wokuziphendukela kwemvelo waqala ukuhumusha ifilosofi ekuhloleni kwayo. Ngokwemvelo, kwakungeke kuhlangane nenkolelo ye-dualistic, futhi kwakungenakuqhathaniswa nokuzicabangela nokweqa. Kodwa ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kuye kwaba yisisekelo esihle kakhulu sefilosofi yamazwe. Lokhu kungachazwa ukuthi i-monism inezinhlobo ezimbili. Enye iwukuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo, enye inengqondo. Ummeleli wefomu lokuqala wayenguSpencer, owesibili wazama ukuveza uHegel. Bobabili babengaphelele, kodwa, ngandlela-thile, ngesibindi basekelwe ngombono wokuziphendukela kwemvelo.

Imvelaphi yombono

Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, lapho sizwa igama elithi "ukuziphendukela kwemvelo", uDarwin ufika ngokushesha engqondweni. Ngakho-ke, imibono yenkolelo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yazalwa isikhathi eside ngaphambi kweDarwinism. Imicabango yokuqala yabonakala eGreece - ngakho wakhuluma imibono yokushintsha. Manje i-Anaximander ne-Empedocles ibhekwa njengabaqambi be-theory ngokwayo. Nakuba kungekho izizathu ezanele zesitatimende esinjalo.

Ezikhathini Ephakathi, kwakunzima ukuthola isisekelo sokuthuthukiswa kwale mbono. Intshisekelo yokutadisha yonke impilo yayinganaki. Izinqubo zikaHulumeni azihambisani nokuthuthukiswa kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ngalesi sikhathi, u-Augustine no-Erigen bazame ukuqonda lo mbuzo.

Ngesikhathi sokuzalwa kabusha injini enkulu yayinguGiordano Bruno. Isazi sefilosofi sibheke umhlaba, noma ngabe sasihle kakhulu, kodwa wayecabanga ngendlela efanele. Uphikisana ngokuthi kuqukethe uhlelo olukhethekile olunezinkinga ezihlukahlukene. Ngeshwa, iphuzu lokubuka likaBruno alizange lamukelwe yilo zwe futhi alizange lithinte inkambo yefilosofi nganoma iyiphi indlela.

Endaweni ethile eduze "kokuhamba" i-Bakon ne-Descartes. Owakhulume wakhuluma nge-transformism, mayelana nokuguqulwa kwezinhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane, kodwa imicabango yakhe yayingenakho ukuziphendukela kwemvelo. I-Descartes isekela i-Spinoza ngokumelela kwayo umhlaba njengento.

Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo manje sekuthuthukiswa emva kweKant. Isazi sefilosofi naye ngokwakhe akazange abonise imicabango ecacile mayelana nentuthuko. Yena emisebenzini yakhe ukhuluma ngokuphindaphindiwe inkolelo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kodwa ifilosofi yakhe kufanele ibhekiswe esikhundleni sokuguquka. Kodwa uKant uzwelana ne-epigenesis.

Kodwa-ke le mbono yaqala ukuthola izincazelo ezicacile kanye nezizathu ezigcwele. UFichte, Schelling noHegel baqala ukuthuthukisa imibono kaKant. Kuzo ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwaqala ukubizwa ngokuthi ifilosofi yemvelo. U-Hegel, futhi wazama ukuyisebenzisa ezweni lomhlaba nomlando.

Umuntu

Ngokushesha umhlaba wawufanele ufunde ukuthi ukuguquka komuntu. Lo mbono manje uchazwa igama elithi "anthropogenesis". Ngenxa yezinkolelo zakhe kukhona umbono wokuthi kuphi, kungani futhi nini lapho umuntu ebonakala khona. Imibono eyinhloko yilezi ezintathu: ukudala izinto eziphilayo, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo nokuziqhenya.

Ithiyori yokuqala iyona endala kunazo zonke futhi iyinhloko kakhulu. Uphika ukuthi isintu siwumkhiqizo wezinto eziyimfihlakalo (uNkulunkulu). Ithiyori yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ehlongozwa nguDarwin ikhuluma ngabokhokho bezintambo kanye nokuthi abantu banamuhla baphuma kubo ngesikhathi sokuthuthukiswa. Ithiyori yesithathu yiyona engabonakali futhi engamanga kakhulu ukuthi abantu banesimo sangaphandle, esixhunyaniswe nezidalwa zasemhlabeni, noma ngokuvivinya kobuhlakani obungaphandle komhlaba.

Eqinisweni

Uma sisakhuluma nge-anthropogenesis njengesayensi, abacwaningi abaningi banamathele emfundisweni yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Kuyinto engokoqobo kunazo zonke, ngaphezu kwalokho kuqinisekiswa yizinto ezitholwa yizinto ezivubukulwayo kanye neziphilayo. Ngalesi sikhathi, lokhu kuphendukela kwemvelo kuveza izigaba eziningana ekuthuthukiseni isintu :

• I-Australopithecus.
• Le ndoda inamakhono.
• Le ndoda ishaya.
• Indoda endala kunengqondo.
• I-Neanderthal.
• Umuntu onengqondo usha.

I-Australopithecus okwamanje ibhekwa njengomuntu wokuqala owedlula isithombe somuntu. Nakuba wangaphandle wayefana ne-monkey kunomuntu. Wahlala eminyakeni engaba ngu-4-1 million edlule ensimini ye-Afrika.

Indoda enekhono ibhekwa njengowokuqala kohlobo lwethu. Bambiza lokho ngoba wayekwazi ukukhiqiza amathuluzi okuqala emisebenzi nokulwa. Mhlawumbe wayengakhuluma. Indoda eyayihlehla phansi ayizange ibe ne-Afrika kuphela, kodwa nayo i-Eurasia. Ngaphezu kwezikhali, wathatha umlilo. Futhi kukhona kungenzeka ukuthi ngikwazi ukukhuluma. Umuntu omdala onokwethenjelwa yisigaba sokushintsha. Ngakho-ke, ngezinye izikhathi ngehlelwa yinkomba ye-anthropogenesis.

Ama-Neanderthals ayebhekwa njengokhokho oqondile womuntu, kodwa kamuva banquma ukuthi kwakuyikuphela kokufa kokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Kuyaziwa ukuthi kwakungabantu abathuthukile, babe nesiko, ubuciko kanye nokuziphatha.

Isigaba sokugcina nguMuntu Omusha Ohlakaniphile. Wavela kubantu baseCro-Magnon. Babehlukile kancane ngaphandle komuntu wanamuhla. Emva kwabo bangashiya ifa elikhulu: izinto eziphathelene nemikhuba yokuphila nomphakathi.

Umphakathi

Kufanelekile ukusho ukuthi umqondo "wokuziphendukela kwemvelo" wabonakala ngaphambi kweDarwinism. Izisekelo zalo zafakwa nguSpencer. Umqondo oyinhloko uhlala ukuthi noma yimuphi umphakathi uqala indlela yawo kusuka embusweni wokuqala futhi kancane kancane uya empucuko yaseNtshonalanga. Inkinga ngale mibono yukuthi ucwaningo olubandakanya imiphakathi ngayinye kanye nentuthuko yabo.

Umzamo ongenangqondo nokuziphendulela kakhulu wokuhlaziya nokuqinisa inkolelo yenhlalo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwakuyiParsons. Wenza ucwaningo ngesilinganiso semfundiso yomlando wezwe. Manje kukhona inqwaba enkulu ye-archaeologists kanye ne-anthropologists abaye baqondisa izinsiza zabo ukutadisha inkolelo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo eminingi, inhlalakahle yezenhlalakahle, ukuvuselelwa kwamanje, njll.

Uhlelo

Ekhuluma ngomphakathi, lesi sici akufanele sishaywa indiva. Ukuziphendukela komqondo wesistimu sekuyisikhathi eside kufika ku-apogee yayo. Kuthatha isikhathi esingaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka, lapho zonke izinhlobo zezinkolelo zamukelwa umphakathi wesayense. Noma kunjalo, inkinga enkulu kuze kube yilolu suku ukungena kwendlela evunyelwe ngokuvamile kuzo zonke izifundo zesistimu.

Nakuba ososayensi abaningi bebukeka kahle ngalolu daba. Abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi kusekhona umphakathi wangempela kule "nqwaba" yezikhombisi-ndlela. Kodwa kuze kube manje akukho muntu oye wahlakulela ukuqonda okufanayo kwesistimu. Lapha, njengamanye amahlangothi amaningi, ingxenye eyodwa yencazelo ichaza isimiso sefilosofi, enye isithinta ekusetshenzisweni okusebenzayo.

Isayensi

Isayensi nayo yahlala ngaphandle komqondo owodwa wezwi. Isikhathi eside, ukuthuthukiswa kwegama elithi "isayensi" alikwazanga ukuthola. Mhlawumbe ukubukeka kwencwadi kaP PP Gaidenko ethi "I-Evolution of the Concept of Science" akumangalisi. Emsebenzini umlobi akakhombisi kuphela ukuthuthukiswa kwethemu ngekhulu le-17 nele-18, kodwa futhi nokuqonda kwalo, izindlela kanye nezindlela zokwenza ulwazi, kanye nokuthuthukiswa komqondo.

Imiqondo

Umbono wokuziphendukela kwemvelo waziwa hhayi kuphela ku-biology. Leli gama lakwazi ukusabalalisa kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezinhlaka. Kwakukhona ukuthi ukuziphendukela kwemvelo akuhlobene nje nokuphila okuphilayo, ifilosofi noma umphakathi, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kungachazwa ngomqondo omncane, njengokuthuthukiswa kwegama noma isihloko esithile.

Ngokuvamile, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kuyakhunjulwa kuMarxism. Ngokuhambisana nalesi sivumelwano, leli gama lisetshenziselwa ukuchaza izici ezihlukahlukene kanye nentuthuko. Lokhu, ngendlela, enye ithonya lefilosofi kulo mqondo. Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kule ndaba kuyishintsha ekubeni nokuqonda. Kungaba nokuguqulwa okwenziwe futhi okunamandla. Futhi uma ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kuyishintsha kancane kancane, ukuguqulwa kubhekwe njengenguquko ebukhali, ekhadiniyali, eguquguqukayo.