Iqopha umlando okutholwe yisayensi - the Pauli isimiso

I impumelelo enkulu kakhulu zesayensi esidlule ukusebenza emkhakheni isakhiwo ndaba ngesikhathi ezingeni electron-zenuzi ukubukwa, ubheke ekuqaleni kwekhulu elidlule. Enye yalezi ngempumelelo ekutadisheni microworld is emlandweni wesayensi ngokuthi eyaziwa "Isimiso Pauli." Ngesikhathi kwaba sobala ukuthi uhlobo quantum imihlola ezenzeka ngaphakathi athomu, kakhulu ekushintsheni imiqondo eminingi mayelana namaqiniso sekuba yinto enkulu. Futhi kuyini na - i-quantum? Lolu hlobo umuntu wenyama ubuningi yokulinganisa iyunithi ngesimo "ingxenye" yalo ephansi impela ngezansi okuyinto hhayi kungaba. Ngokwesibonelo, lo engaba ngowokuqala electron orbit asikwazi ukuba ngaphansi kuka-5.29 · 10-11 m amabanga esingaphansi lesi silinganiso ayilungile ukusho -. Ayengeke khona.

Quantum kukhona imiqondo ajwayelekile ngokomzimba, okuyizinto mass, amandla, amandla, wenabisa ukuqonda ubunjalo electron kanye nezinye izinhlayiya ezakha athomu. Futhi-ke, isihloko ukukhuluma mayelana 'amabhlogo wokwakha Yonke Endaweni Yonke ", ziye wadala amathuluzi ukuchaza kubo. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, isimo electron libhekene izinombolo ezine ezibizwa ngokuthi i-quantum. Ukusebenzelana okuhlukahlukene kwalezi izinombolo kunqunywa ukubukeka okugcwele esiyingqayizivele kuphela iyiphi electron. Uma sekungenzeka ukuchaza amandla, isikhala kanye nemave yangaphakathi electron, kwi-ajenda got umbuzo olandelayo - nendlela electron okuyinto athomu ngamunye kungaba eziningi, zitholakala emhlabeni nucleus? kanjani bona "igcwele"? Ucwaningo lolu daba kuye kwaholela ekwakhiweni umthetho, manje eyaziwa ngokuthi Pauli inyumbazane isimiso. Kuyini essence yayo?

Kancane self-imfundo

1. athomu injalo elula has izingxenye eziyinhloko - umongo kanye electron okungadingeki ngokulandelana phakathi nendawo futhi ukujikeleza. I radii we omise (n ezikhonjiswe) ukusithatha abakuzuzile integers eziqala eyodwa quantum - ubuncane kungenzeka "izingxenye" ibanga. Ngoba icala lapho n = 1, sinalo aphansi orbit "ongaphakeme", lapho ama-electron osebenzisa amandla aphansi. Izinga zamandla electron kunqunywa inani quantum n, olubizwa nangokuthi uthishanhloko. Qaphela ukuthi i-engaba kunikezwa n ungakwazi ukubala inani electron ukulokho by ifomula N = 2 (n • n). Le nombolo ibalwa kalula umkhawulo ka-electron phezu orbit nanoma yimuphi n inombolo: owokuqala - amabili, okwesibili - eziyisishiyagalombili eyesithathu - nesishiyagalombili, njll Lokhu isiphelo sesimiso ukugcwaliswa amagobolondo e isamba electron esingeqile N, - kuyinto iphuzu ebalulekile equkethe Pauli inyumbazane isimiso.

2. amandla elekthronikhi ungaba sublayers ngalinye level ezinkulu. Basuke okhonjiswe l, ngokuthi ohlangothini (noma esemkhathini) inombolo quantum futhi ungaba inani ukusuka l 0 kuya 4. Inani l inquma ukuma kwendawo efwini electron: eyindilinga, dumbbell, njll

3. ukunyakaza electron, ngamanye amagama, ukugeleza zamanje kuholela ukudalwa inkambu isiyingi kazibuthe. Kodwa kulokhu, i-electron esemkhathini kuyinto okwamanje la mandla kazibuthe, okuyinto libhekene omunye, eyesithathu, le quantum inombolo ml. Ibizwa ngokuthi uzibuthe inombolo quantum kanye Iwumbono umfutho esemkhathini i-electron ku magnetic field isiqondiso. Izindinganiso ezikhuthazwa kungathatha inani ml, lalala uhla kusuka -L ukuba + l, anenani zero, futhi bonke ngothi lwabo kungaba (2l +1).

4. Ekugcineni, isici lokugcina electron quantum - spin. Ubunjwe sici ms ezimbili kuphela = + 1/2 futhi ms = -1 / 2. Ingqikithi ngokomzimba spin - umzuzwana mechanical umfutho i-electron, okuyinto engahlobene nesenzakalo ukuhamba kwayo emkhathini.

Ukuxhumana kwe-Pauli isimiso kanye gqwa ohlelweni DI Mendeleev

Ngo-1925 ukutholakala physics izakhiwo eyisisekelo microworld senziwa emadanisekako ebaluleke kunazo zonke elandela etafuleni Mendeleev. It wathola igama "ibhapathizwa" yakhe futhi njengoba yaziwa ngokuthi Pauli inyumbazane isimiso. Chemistry njengoba isayensi ngezinto zokwakha kanye nokusebenzisana zabo ngaphansi kohlaka uhlelo gqwa abakwazanga ukukuchaza eziningi izindlela izinqubo ezenzeka ngesikhathi inhlangano ngama-athomu, amangqamuzana, nemfundo, njll Isizathu esiyinhloko kwaba ukuthi izinga le mininingwane ye-athomu, ngokuya amakhemikhali nokusebenzelana kwawo, aqala athomu imiqondo electron core. Lezi imiqondo-athomu-yamangqamuzana, kuye kwavela futhi osungulwe ngokwabo eminyakeni engaba ngu-150 edlule - ku yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye. Ngemva kwesikhashana, AM Butlerof wazakhela imfundiso yokuziphendukela zamakhemikhali, bese kwatholakala umthetho gqwa. Lokhu kwasenza sakwazi ukwethula ukuzalwa molecule kusukela kwama-athomu nezinhlayiyana ukunikeza ukuqondisisa-athomu "umnotho" zedivayisi.

Ukuqonda okushiwo izici quantum imodeli electron sebekwazi ngemuva kokunikwa owasungulwa Pauli isimiso. Ngalo wathola incazelo welungiselelo isithombe igobolondo kanye oda ukugcwalisa ama-electron. Ingqikithi isimiso wukuthi electron anivunyelwe inhlanganisela yalokhu okungenhla izici ezine quantum athomu kepha ngeke yakhiwe electron ezimbili, ezifanayo kuzo zonke izici-quantum.

Umphumela eyinhloko kokutholakala isakhiwo athomu imithetho, equkethe Pauli inyumbazane isimiso - physics, okungukuthi, uhlobo lomkhuba, esakhiwa ngo ngokugcwalisa electron igobolondo. Futhi lokhu yena, wanika ngemuva ukusekela umthetho gqwa. Ngakho, "chemical" okuqukethwe isakhiwo jikelele zama-athomu nezinhlayiyana ezincane imithetho wathola isiqinisekiso zalo eziyisisekelo physics ngokwakha yangaphakathi "izakhiwo" ye-athomu.