Isimiso sezinzwa izinyoni. Isimiso sezinzwa izinyoni lihlukile isimiso sezinzwa ezihuquzelayo?

Izinyoni kukhona iqembu elikhulu phakathi ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla. Ziyakwazi ezivamile konke kwemvelo iplanethi yethu, ngisho akha Kwezinye izingxenye Antarctica. Kuyini isakhiwo isimiso sezinzwa futhi izitho sezinzwa yezinyoni? Yiziphi izici? Isimiso sezinzwa izinyoni lihlukile isimiso sezinzwa ezihuquzelayo?

ekilasini Izinyoni

Izinyoni - iqembu ezihlukahlukene kakhulu futhi eziningi yezilwane ezinomgogodla. Emvelweni, abasenzela indima ebalulekile njengoba isixhumanisi eziwukudla. Izinyoni udle izinambuzane, futhi, esikhundleni salokho, zidla izilwane ezincelisayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, babalulekile semisebenzi womuntu - basuke siyakhuthazeka yabo inyama, amaqanda, izimpaphe, amafutha.

Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-10.500 izinhlobo zezinyoni yesimanje futhi mayelana 20.300 zenyathi. 789 zinhlobo zivamile eRussia. Isici esiyinhloko lesi sigaba khona amaphiko empennage, ehlanganisa asezilwaneni. Indlela eyinhloko yokuthutha ezilwaneni eziningi kuba indiza, nakuba abanye amaphiko musa enze lo msebenzi.

Ikhono lindiza ibonakale izimpawu zangaphakathi nezangaphandle, okuyinto possesses Izinyoni ekilasini. isimiso sezinzwa, wokugaya ukudla futhi izitho zokuphefumula isakhiwo kwenye izilwane. Ngokwesibonelo, ngokuvamile yayiba nezinhlobo ezimbili umoya, amandla umzimba kanye negesi lokushintshisana.

Izici isakhiwo isimiso sezinzwa e izinyoni

Ngokuvamile isimiso sezinzwa siqukethe imizwa etholakala izingxenye ezihlukahlukene zomzimba, kanye ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zobuchopho. Zonke lezi zakhiwo babambisane nomunye. Zimelela indlela eyodwa olawula ukusebenza kwazo zonke izinhlangano of umzimba futhi unesibopho impendulo ezintweni imvelo.

Izidumbu zabantu abangu-isimiso sezinzwa e izinyoni zakha isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko (asebuchosheni nomgogodla) nezingxenye neuropathy (nezinzwa, imizwa zobuchopho nomgogodla). Isakhiwo ubuchopho has ukufana ne yezilwane ezinomgogodla, nakuba ezinye izici ukuhlukanisa ke kakhulu.

Isakhiwo isimiso sezinzwa futhi izitho lemizwa izinyoni imizwa kuhlobane ngokuqondile umsebenzi wabo. Lezi zinyoni nomuzwa ezinhle ibhalansi kanye nokudidiyela, ezidingekile ukuba ihambe. Lokhu kwenza kwabo ngokuphelele elawula emoyeni.

Izinhlobo eziningi sizondla ngokudla ephathekayo. Noma ngabe izinambuzane, inhlanzi, namagundane noma ezihuquzelayo, enezimpiko ezibalulekile ukuze uzulazule isikhala futhi ube nombono omuhle, ukuzwa kanye nesivinini yokusabela. Iziphathimandla obhekene le misebenzi, ithuthukiswe izinyoni engcono.

ingqondo

Okuningi eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule, kwakunenkolelo yokuthi izinyoni abakwazi ukusebenza eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ludwig Edinger ukubeka phambili imfundiso yokuthi ubuchopho bayo ukwenza ganglia basal, okuyinto banesibopho imizwelo engokwemvelo nemisebenzi elula. Kamuva kwathi isimiso sezinzwa izinyoni kuyafana womuntu.

Largest umnyango ingqondo kuyinto forebrain. Siqukethe ama- ezimbili surface bushelelezi, egcwele nuclei subcortical. Bazi ukuthi banesibophezelo ukuma kwendawo, ukuziphatha, kokuzalela, ukudla. Hemispheres axhunyiwe nge cerebellum ngokwanele ezinkulu, olawula ukubambisana.

Medulla kuyingxenye stem ingqondo. Lo mnyango unesibopho imisebenzi ebalulekile empilweni izinyoni: .. Igazi kwegazi, emishinini yokuphefumula, ukugaya, njll ubuchopho obuphakathi iyakhiwa kahle, it siqukethe izindunduma ezimbili, okuyinto banesibopho ngokucubungula ulwazi sokuzwa nokubukwayo.

Izinyoni abe pituitary indlala enkulu, kodwa indlala yabo pineal futhi ubuchopho obuphakathi kukhona ampofu. Ubude nezinzwa cranial - ngamabili 12, kodwa umusi nanye ahlukaniswa kancane kusukela yeshumi.

emgogodleni

Isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko yezinyoni sihlanganisa emgogodleni. Kusukela ubuchopho lihlukaniswe kunemibandela. Ngaphakathi kuwo kukhona umgodi noma isikhungo ndima. Ngenhla emgogodleni ivikelwe ulwelwesi ezintathu - ethambile, arachnoid futhi okuqinile, esiteshini central ehlukanisa uketshezi yabo cerebrospinal.

Esikhathini lumbar nesiphanga izifunda umgogodla intambo izinyoni has a ukuqina kancane. Lapha kuwo washintsha nezinzwa exhunyiwe nemilenze front and indluzelekazi. kwakhiwa Ngakho plexus okhalo futhi brachial.

Ngo esifundeni lumbar isiteshi isikhungo has iqembu elandisiwe rhombus imbobo, okuyinto amboze zezinzwa izicubu emgodleni. Amagatsha lumbar futhi brachial plexus umgogodla obhekene umsebenzi nasemilenzeni abafanele.

Ngokungafani nezilwane ezihuquzelayo

Zombili lezi zigaba ziphakeme ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla, futhi isakhiwo inyoni ezithile zesimiso sezinzwa okufanayo kakhulu ezihuquzelayo. Nokho, kunomehluko obalulekile phakathi kwazo. Isimiso sezinzwa izinyoni lihlukile isimiso sezinzwa ezihuquzelayo?

Izinyoni nezilwane ezihuquzelayo ube izingxenye efanayo zobuchopho. Umehluko ebonwe usayizi minyango, okuyinto lihlotshaniswa ngendlela ehlukile yokuphila kwezilwane. Awezinyoka babe 12 namabhuzu nezinzwa esukela ubuchopho, futhi intambo zabo umgogodla has a ukuqina ehlombe kanye lumbar nomgogodla.

Isimiso sezinzwa izinyoni is zihlukaniswa ngokuyinhloko ubukhulu bobuchopho, okuyinto kunalelo ubuchopho ezihuquzelayo. isisindo lakhe 0.05-0.09% (ngesisindo) e ratites futhi 0,2-8% kusukela abamele ezindizayo. Amagxolo forebrain kuhlaba insali noma iminonjana. Awezinyoka Kuyinto athuthukile kangcono ngenxa nesenzakalo yokuhogela zangasese.

Ngo izinyoni, umqondo ngokobulili yokuhogela akuyona njengoba evuthiwe lokuhogela kakhulu ezimbi kakhulu, ngaphandle kwezinhlobo zezinto adla inyama. Zombili lezi zigaba we inani elikhulu lomphakathi forebrain ezimthende emizimbeni kwakhiwa ezansi. Bazi ukuthi banesibophezelo analysis and ephendula ulwazi engenayo.

izinzwa

Okungenani evuthiwe izinzwa izinyoni - iphunga ne ukunambitheka. Izinhlobo eziningi kunzima ukuhlukanisa amaphunga, kwasinda ezilwaneni eziyingozi, njengamabhubesi amanqe American. Ukudla ukunambitheka ukuchaza efihlekile ukunambitheka, okuyinto zitholakala ngasesinqeni se olimini ku ulwanga. abanezidingo ezikhethekile banayo, njengoba ukudla ngokuyisisekelo nje kugwinywe.

receptor Okuthintekayo zitholakala ezindaweni ezahlukene. Ziyakwazi ithole Grande, Herbst noma Merkel. Olunye uhlobo, basuke etholakala eduze izimpaphe elikhulu elisekela esikhumbeni, kanye phezu cere uqhwaku e. Izikhova salokhu kukhona izimpaphe ekhethekile ku Uqhwaku, e zinyoni kanye amadada receptor zitholakala apharathasi emhlathini, zopholi - olimini.

Okuhle kunakho konke ukuthi izinyoni athuthukile emehlweni nokuzwa. izindlebe zabo zisitshekelwe ngezimpaphe, basilalelwe indlebe. Zakhiwa elingaphakathi, maphakathi kanye yangaphandle indlebe umklamo. Nokuzwela umsindo njengabakhulu kunani izilwane eziningi ezincelisayo. Ngo izikhova, salaganov, oilbirds unekhono amaza omsindo. uxhaxha isakhula zengaphakathi lendlebe enika izinyoni umqondo kakhulu sokulinganisela.

Izinyoni babe abukhali umbono monocular (Binocular cos y). Abanye bayakwazi ukubona at ibanga ikhilomitha elilodwa. Amehlo abe ukuma esiyisicaba futhi esibanzi. Ziyakwazi ngasebenzi, ngakho izinyoni ngokuvamile kufanele akusebenzise ikhanda lakhe. Olunye uhlobo, engela umbono ka 360. I-retina iyaphendula ngisho ekukhanyeni ultraviolet, futhi lens nezimo ikuvumela ukuba ubone ngisho ngaphansi kwamanzi.

intelligence

Phakathi nomlando wakhe omude izinyoni baye babonisa ikhono sibhekane nezimo ezinzima, ukwenza iimbalo zibe futhi ukuba creative. Bayakwazi ukugcina bese ukudlala emuva imisindvo leyehlukene nemishwana inkulumo yomuntu.

Izidingo zabo ngokuvamile izinyoni zisebenzisa izinto njengoba amathuluzi. Ngokwesibonelo, nezinti ezincane nokunwebeka bathole izinambuzane emagxolweni izihlahla. esondweni bok isebenzisa ngalezi zinhloso ameva ka Cacti futhi abanye baye bafunda ukwenza amathuluzi abo.

Izinyoni ngokushesha ngokwanele avumelane nendawo ezikuyo. Ngokwesibonelo, tits wafunda abophe emigodini zamabhodlela ubisi amabhodlela, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho ukudubula kubo. Lesitshalo adla izinhlanzi, ngezinye izikhathi aphonswe echibini Lure kwamanga ukuze ahehe inyamazane.

Amagwababa ngokuphindaphindiwe baphonse nut phansi, inqobo nje uma engenzi aphule. Eagles ngenjongo efanayo imphakamisele phezulu ku ufudu emoyeni ezibonakala kufihlwe ngokuphepha igobolondo. Ezinye izinyoni ukuba aphule ukukhiqizwa igobolondo, emjikijela ngamatshe wakhe.

isiphetho

Izinyoni abe ngaphezulu athuthukile isimiso sezinzwa kunalapho ezihuquzelayo. Ubuchopho olukhudlwana ngobukhulu, okuyinto ikuvumela ukuba enze imisebenzi eminingi, ukukhiqiza izinhlobo eziyinkimbinkimbi yokuziphatha futhi ngizama ukuzijwayeza indlela izimo ezahlukene.

Isimiso sezinzwa izinyoni siqukethe le ubuchopho, umgogodla, namabhangqa eziyishumi nambili zakwa-izinzwa. athuthukiswe kahle phambi, izingxenye maphakathi ngobuchopho cerebellum, oluhlobene ngokuyinhloko ikhono nezinyoni ezindiza.

Sinenkosi ukuzwa kakhulu amehlo. Basuke zihlukaniswa hhayi kuphela ajwayelekile kithi umbala, kodwa futhi ultraviolet, futhi abanye babe nekhono amaza omsindo. Zokunambitha nokuhogela kakhulu kabi athuthukile. Beka ama-receptor ethintekayo elise izingxenye ezihlukahlukene zomzimba, kuye ngokuthi lezi zilwane.