Imfundiso kaDarwin yokuziphendukela kwemvelo

Imfundiso kaDarwin yokuziphendukela kwemvelo - omunye eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma eyinhloko ukuthuthukiswa emhlabeni organic. Ngokusho Darwin, amabutho ukushayela yokuziphendukela kwemvelo - ukuzihlela nokuzivumelanisa kwemvelo, ukushintshashintsha, ifa. kuphakama izimpawu ezintsha Imisebenzi kanye nezimiso zakwa eziphilayo maqondana kokuhlukana. Lesi sakamuva kuyinto ethize futhi akuqinisekile. A ethile (ohlangothini) kokuhlukana kwenzeka uma izimo zemvelo nomphumela ofanayo kuzo zonke noma iningi uhlobo oluthile ngabanye. It is hhayi zofuzo fixed izizukulwane olandelayo. Kwezinye abantu bangase khona elinganqunyiwe (undirected) ushintsho okungahleliwe futhi esidluliselwa ngofuzo. kokuhlukana esingapheli ezimbili zama - futhi uguquko combinative. Esimweni sokuqala ngesikhathi meiosis kwetinhlavu siyinzalo kukhona inhlanganisela entsha zoyise komama Ama-chromosomes e exchange izingxenye okuyinto ngezinye izikhathi, futhi ngamunye inhlanganisela isizukulwane zezakhi zofuzo iyakhula. Kulo mBhalo, isakhiwo zofuzo Ushintshe umzimba: inani lezakhi zofuzo, isakhiwo sabo noma kwezakhi zofuzo.

Imfundiso kaDarwin yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kanye namalungu ayo bakholelwa ukuthi ushintsho emzimbeni echayeke imvelo. Ngenxa yalokho kwemvelo, okusinda ukuze kukhululwe inzalo ka abathwali izici ewusizo ukuthi zibe ngenxa recombination noma zofuzo. Ukukhethwa kuyisihluthulelo isici ukuvela, kubangela ukwakheka zinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. It ungaboniswa izinhlobo ezintathu: ukushayela, eliletha ukuthula futhi onakalisayo. Eyokuqala kuholela ukuvela ezincwadini entsha. Cishe ukushiya inzalo itholakalela abantu ukuthi zishintshile kwamanye isisekelo, uma kuqhathaniswa inani eliyisilinganiso. Ngendlela yesibili, lithathelwe egcinwe kwakheka izimo zemvelo njalo. Kulokhu, ezweni elinabantu abantu agcinwe kokuba ngokwesilinganiso ukubaluleka izimfanelo. Ifomu wesithathu izinguquko enye ngaphansi kwethonya medium kuyinto okuvela polymorphism. Okungukuthi, ukukhethwa kwenzeka izinhlobo ezimbili noma ngaphezulu ngeziphambeko.

Imfundiso kaDarwin yokuziphendukela kwemvelo luveza ukuthi main ukushayela force yokuziphendukela kwemvelo - ukuzihlela nokuzivumelanisa kwemvelo. Manje ngenxa beyizalaniselana ukukhiqiza izinhlobo ezintsha izakhamuzi. Theory elisetshenziswa ezihlukahlukene eyala, kuhlanganise nomlando (Marx) kanye psychology (Freud sasho).

Imfundiso ukuziphendukela kwemvelo namuhla uye washintsha abalulekile. Ngokungafani original Darwin ithiyori, ngokucacile labelwe isakhiwo aphansi (labantu), ngawo kwemvelo waqala. Imfundiso wanamuhla wabonisana kakhudlwana, kuba okunengqondo ecacile futhi ubachazela amabutho ukushayela futhi izici, siphakamise ezinkulu nezincane. Kuwukubonakaliswa zokucathula nqubo ushintsho okuqhubekayo e genotype imiphakathi. Umsebenzi oyinhloko we-theory zanamuhla ekutadisheni lo mshini izinqubo kwemvelo, ikhono ukubikezela ushintsho.

Imfundiso kaDarwin yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ihlobene eduze imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwamakhemikhali, esakhiwa ngo yokuthi zezakhi lokuqala organic kwetinhlavu amaplanethi abangu-hydrocarbon kwakhiwa kusukela compounds elula olwandle. Ngenxa okwengeziwe hydrocarbon compounds nge eziningi izakhi zamakhemikhali kumiswa izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi organic. Lezi zinqubo ziye zashintsha bedle okukhulu emisebeni yelanga nokuphuma esithweni sobulili kagesi umbani, ukwaba lemali edingekayo emisebeni ultraviolet. Yebo, ukuqongelela ocean engokwemvelo athuthukile izibopho eziqinile yamangqamuzana amelana imiphumela elimazayo yelanga ye. Ngemva kwemvelo eside carbon compounds ukuphila kwavela. Imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwamakhemikhali athuthukile Alekseem Oparinym, Stenli Millerom, John Haldane nabanye.