Kuyini nitrogen? nitrogen eMiseni. nitrogen-molecule

Isici-non-metallic leqembu 15 [Va] Periodic Table - nitrogen athomu 2 zazo zihlanganiswa, zakha i-molecule - kungekho nto enemibala emihle, igesi nengenaphunga futhi kunganambitheki akha ingxenye enkulu emkhathini woMhlaba futhi oyingxenye zonke izinto eziphilayo.

Umlando yokutholakala

Nitrogen igesi imayelana 4/5 of ozungeze umhlaba. It ahlukanisa ngasekuqaleni Air Research. Ngo-1772, Swedish Himik Karl Wilhelm Scheele kuqala bakhombise ukuthi nitrogen ezinjalo. Ngokusho kwakhe, umoya inhlanganisela amagesi ezimbili, enye alibiza ngokuthi "umlilo emoyeni", okungukuthi ukusekela amandla omlilo, nezinye - .. "engahlanzekile emoyeni" ngoba uhlala emva wokuqala yokuqothulwa. Lawa kwakungamadodana oxygen ne-nitrogen eningi. Emhlabeni efanayo isikhathi nitrogen iye isehlane yi sezitshalo Scottish Daniel Rutherford, owaqala wanyathelisa imiphumela ayeyitholile, kanye wemithi British uHenry Cavendish futhi umfundisi British kanye nososayensi Dzhozefom Pristli, abahlanganyela ne Scheele igunya kwatholakala oxygen. nezifundo luye lwabonisa ukuthi igesi amasha liyingxenye nitrate noma potassium nitrate (KNO _3), futhi, ngokufanelekile, yena waba okuthiwa of nitrogen ( "abelethe saltpeter") nge usokhemisi French Chaptal e 1790 Nitrogen yaqale isibaluli adi- ka Lavoisier, incazelo yabo indima oxygen omlilo iyakuphikisa imfundiso yokuziphendukela phlogiston - ethandwa ekhulwini XVIII. kahle amandla omlilo. Ukungakwazi kwalesi sakhi chemical ukusekela ukuphila (ζωή ngesiGreki) kwaba isizathu ukuthi Lavoisier okuthiwa nitrogen igesi.

Ukuvela nokwanda

Kuyini nitrogen? Ngokusho ngokuchichima izakhi zamakhemikhali, lapho zibalwa lesithupha. emkhathini woMhlaba ukuba 75,51% ngesisindo 78,09% by volume yakhiwa isici futhi ungumthombo omkhulu embonini. Isibhakabhaka iqukethe esincane ammonia ne ammonium nosawoti, kanye nitrogen oxides futhi nitric acid, imiswe phakathi nokuduma kanye yangaphakathi omlilo izinjini. nitrogen Mahhala itholakala emkhathini eziningi, igesi wentaba-mlilo nokubalela okwami futhi abanye imithombo yamanzi amtoti ilanga, izinkanyezi kanye mafu.

Nitrogen liyatholakala nasemiBhalweni enomkhiqizo wokumbiwa phansi i-potassium ne sodium nitrate, kodwa ukuhlangabezana nezidingo womuntu okwanele. Enye indwangu ocebile kule nto isitibhili, okuyinto ingatholakala lokubuka imigede, lapho eziningi amalulwane, noma izindawo ezomile zazivame ukuhanjwa izinyoni. Futhi, i-nitrogen eziqukethwe imvula nomhlabathi ngesimo ammonia ne ammonium nosawoti, futhi amanzi olwandle ngesimo ammonium ion (NH ₄ ^+), nitrite (CHA ₂ ^-) kanye nitrate (NO ₃ ^-). Isilinganiso imayelana 16% compounds eziyinkimbinkimbi organic ezifana amaprotheni, zikhona zonke izinto eziphilayo. Okuqukethwe bemvelo ungqimba lomhlaba kuyinto izingxenye 0.3 ngu 1000. Lizinga emkhathini - kusukela ama-athomu ngalinye Silicon athomu 3 kuya ku-7.

Amazwe ngobukhulu esikhiqiza nitrogen (njenge-ammonia) ekuqaleni ngekhulu xxi, babe India, e-Russia, e-United States, Trinidad and Tobago, Ukraine.

ukukhiqizwa Commercial kanye nokusetshenziswa

Industrial Ukukhiqizwa nitrogen Kusekelwe ziphuzo zazihluzwa wamaqhuzu air kuncibilike. lokushisa yayo ukubila ilingana -195,8 ° C, 13 ° C leliphasi kunaleyo oksijini, okuyinto ahlukaniswe. Nitrogen kungabuye kukhiqizwa ngezinga elikhulu by the amandla omlilo carbon noma hydrocarbon emoyeni futhi ihlukanisa okuholela carbon dioxide futhi amanzi kusuka nitrogen asalile. Ngo ngezinga elincane nitrogen okumsulwa kuveza amalahle azide barium yombala Ba (N _{3) 2.} Laboratory ukuphendula zibandakanya amalahle isixazululo of ammonium nitrite (NH ₄ NO _2), namachibi ammonia nge isixazululo uxhumano lokudlulisa aqueous noma nge evuthayo zethusi oxide :

• NH ₄ ⁺ CHA ₂ ^- → N ₂ + 2H ₂ O.
• 8NH ₃ + 3Br ₂ → N ₂ + 6NH ₄ ⁺ 6Br ^-.
• 2NH ₃ + 3CuO → N ₂ + 3H ₂ O + 3Cu.

nitrogen Elemental lingasetshenziswa njengoba isimo inert ukusabela ezidinga exclusion nomoya-mpilo nomswakama. Isetshenziswa ne liquid nitrogen. Hydrogen, i-methane, ne-carbon monoxide, umoya-mpilo, fluorine, futhi - ketshezi kuphela okuyinto, lapho abilayo iphuzu nitrogen alikho esimweni okuqinile crystalline.

Esikhathini umkhakha zamakhemikhali, lesi sici chemical isetshenziswa ukuvimbela namachibi noma ezinye spoilage, njengenhlangano diluent inert, igesi esisheshayo ukususa ukushisa noma amakhemikhali, kanye umlilo noma ukuqhuma inhibitor. Endaweni yokudla, i-nitrogen igesi isetshenziswa ukuvimbela spoilage, futhi uketshezi - I-nqabela-omiswe kanye nokupholisa izinhlelo. Esikhathini kagesi umkhakha igesi kuvimbela namachibi nezinye zamakhemikhali, pressurizes emgodleni ikhebula futhi ivikela izinjini. Ngo yokusansimbi, nitrogen isetshenziswa Welding futhi brazing, ekuvimbeleni namachibi, carburization, futhi decarburization. Njengoba igesi ngasebenzi isetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni iraba ukungena nakwamanye amazwe, epulasitikini futhi elastomers, siwulimi Propellant e aerosol amathini, futhi kudala ingcindezi kule ketshezi fuel Jets. Kwezokwelapha, okokuqandisa okusheshayo nge liquid nitrogen iyindawo esetshenziselwa ukugcina igazi, umnkantsha, izicubu, amagciwane kanye nesidoda. Uye wathola isicelo ocwaningweni cryogenic.

uxhumano

Iningi nitrogen esetshenziswa enkulu ekwakhekeni zamakhemikhali. Isibopho kathathu phakathi kwama-athomu ye-elementi yakhe sinamandla kakhulu kangangokuba (226 kcal imvukuzane kabili kunakunoma hydrogen yamangqamuzana ngalinye), ukuthi i-molecule nitrogen neze engena nezinye izingxube zamakhemikhali.

The main indlela zezimboni isici nenkanuko edlulele inqubo Haber-Bosch for the zamagama ammonia athuthukile phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, Germany ukunciphisa ukuncika le nitrate Chilean. Kuhlanganisa zamagama ngqo ka NH ₃ - igesi kungenambala nge okubabayo, iphunga kuyacasula - ngokuqondile nesimo sezulu.

Iningi ammonia is kuguquka nitric acid (HNO _3), futhi ama-nitrate nama - usawoti esters ka nitric acid, soda ash (Na ₂ CO _3), hydrazine (N ₂ H ₄₎ - ketshezi kungekho nto enemibala emihle lisetshenziswa njengedivaysi Propellant, futhi eziningi zezimboni izinqubo.

Nitric acid enye enkulu chemical commercial kwakwakhe timphawu. Kungekho nto enemibala emihle, uketshezi ezonakalisayo kakhulu isetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni umquba, udayi, izidakamizwa kanye neziqhumane. Ammonium nitrate (NH ₄ NO ₃₎ - usawoti ammonia kanye nitric acid - yisona esikhulunywa abantu abaningi nitrogen Umanyolo ingxenye.

Oxygen + nitrogen

C yakha uchungechunge umoya-mpilo, i-nitrogen oxides, r. H. oxide oxide (N ₂ O), lapho-ke uyalingana Valence ka-hotline: +1 oxide (NO) (+2) kanye dioxide (CHA ₂₎ (4). Abaningi oluyingozi kakhulu nitrogen oxides; Zingamashumi imithombo eyinhloko zokungcola emkhathini. i-nitrous oxide, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-laughing gas, ngezinye izikhathi isetshenziselwa ukuze kubulawe izinzwa. Lapho imuncwe, kudala usinga omnene. I-nitric oxide usabela ngokushesha nge-oxygen ukuze kwakheke i-brown dioxide umkhiqizo Lesisemkhatsini ku ukukhiqizwa nitric acid kanye oxidant oqinile yezinqubo zamakhemikhali Propellant.

Futhi esetshenziswa ezinye nitrides ezakhiwe izinsimbi nge kwakwakhe nitrogen at okushisa ephakeme. Nitrides boron, titanium, zirconium futhi tantalum babe isicelo esikhethekile. Enye indlela crystalline boron nitride (BN), isibonelo, akuyona kunabayeni idayimane e ubulukhuni futhi oxidized Ngakho ezimbi esetshenziswa njengoba ephezulu athile.

cyanides Inorganic aqukethe CN iqembu ^-. Hydrogen cyanide noma hydrocyanic acid HCN, kuyinto oluyingozi kakhulu futhi igesi enobuthi kakhulu esetshenziselwa fumigation lokuhlala Ore kwezinye izinqubo zezimboni. Cyanogen (CN) ₂ isetshenziswa njengophawu chemical Lesisemkhatsini for fumigation.

Azides ayizakhi aqukethe iqembu ezintathu ama-athomu nitrogen -n _3. Iningi lawo abantu engazinzile futhi kakhulu sensitive uthuthumele. Ezinye zazo, ezifana azide phambili, PB (N _{3) 2,} esetshenziswa detonators futhi kwenziwa. Azides, efana halogens, kalula uxhumana nezinye izinto ukwakha sebuningini compounds.

Nitrogen ingxenye izinkulungwane eziningana organic compounds. Iningi lazo zihlobene ammonia, i-hydrogen cyanide, Cyanogen, oxide noma nitric acid. Ama, ama-amino acid, amides, isibonelo, ethathwe ammonia noma ehlobene eduze kwayo. Nitroglycerine futhi nitrocellulose - nitric esters. Nitrite yalungiswa kusukela oxide acid (HNO _2). Purines futhi alkaloids ayizakhi heterocyclic lapho nitrogen ingena esikhundleni esisodwa noma ngaphezulu ama-athomu carbon.

Izakhiwo kanye ukusabela

Kuyini nitrogen? Kuyinto kungekho nto enemibala emihle, igesi ayinaphunga ukuthi uba ngaso -195,8 ° C, kungekho nto enemibala emihle, ongaphakeme viscosity uketshezi. Elementi ukhona ngesimo N ₂ amangqamuzana, amelwe ifomu: N ::: N:, lapho amandla isibopho elilingana 226 kcal imvukuzane ngayinye, yesibili i-carbon monoxide (256 kilocalories imvukuzane ngayinye). Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, amandla wokwenza kusebenze nitrogen yamangqamuzana kuphezulu kakhulu, ngakho ezimweni ezijwayelekile element kuqhathaniswa inert. Futhi, kakhulu esitebeleni nitrogen-molecule kakhulu kunomthelela nokuntengantenga thermodynamic kwabaningi nitrogen, lapho uxhumano, ngisho noma uqine ngokwanele, kodwa ubudlelwane phansi kunabaphostoli nitrogen yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo.

Esanda kutholakala, kanye nekhono yezinhlayiya nitrogen waphela kungazelelwe wathola ukukhonza njengephayona ligands ngoba compounds eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ukubona ukuthi isisombululo ruthenium izakhiwo ukubamba i-nitrogen esemkhathini kwaletha siphi ngokushesha kungase wathola indlela elula futhi kangcono ukulungisa isici.

nitrogen Active ingatholakala odlulayo ongaphakeme ingcindezi gas ngokusebenzisa ephezulu voltage osenyameni kagesi. Umkhiqizo amber nokunye kalula iyaphendula kuka yamangqamuzana, i-hydrogen-athomu, isibabule, phosphorous kanye ngezinto ezihlukahlukene, futhi uyakwazi ukubola CHA N ₂ O _2.

A ukuqonda okucace ngokwengeziwe mayelana yini nitrogen, ingatholakala ngenxa isakhiwo yayo electronic esesikhundleni ifomu 1s 2s ^{2 2 3} 2P. kancane Five zangaphandle electron amagobolondo screen icala, okuholela ophethe ngempumelelo yenuzi wazizwa esifundeni engaba covalent. Ama-athomu omoya-nitrogen kuncane futhi ube electronegativity okusezingeni eliphezulu, elise phakathi yekhabhoni nomoya-mpilo. E ukucushwa kuhlanganisa ezintathu zangaphandle isigamu-orbitals, esivumayo izibopho ezintathu covalent. Ngakho-ke, i-athomu nitrogen kumele babe reactivity eliphezulu ngokwedlulele, ukwakha nezinye izakhi eziningi esitebeleni compounds kanambambili, ikakhulukazi uma ezinye isici kakhulu electronegativity ezahlukene, odlulisela abalulekile polarity ukuxhumana. Lapho enye ingxenye electronegativity polarity ephansi enamathiselwe athomu nitrogen kwenkokhiso ngokwengxenye ezimbi, okuyinto ukhulula electron yayo lisuswe ukwabiwa ukubamba iqhaza ukubambisana izibopho. Lapho enye ingxenye electronegative ngaphezulu nitrogen ngokwengxenye icala omuhle kakhulu kukhawulela donor izakhiwo engqamuzaneni. Ngezinye polarity ongaphakeme ngenxa ngenxa electronegativity zilingane enye ingxenye, zokuxhumana amaningi sikunqobe olulodwa. Uma-athomu usayizi lokungafani evimbela kumiswa izibopho aphindaphindiwe isibopho olulodwa kungenzeka kube kuqondile ababuthakathaka, futhi uxhumano engazinzile.

ibhokisi lombhalo onothile

Ngokuvamile iphesenti nitrogen negesi kungenziwa latholakala ngokulinganisa indawo umthamo yayo emva ukumuncwa nezinye izingxenye reagents zamakhemikhali. I yokubola sulfuric acid ebukhoneni mercury nitrate kudedela nitric oxide, okungase kulinganiswa njengendlela gas. Nitrogen yakhululwa organic compounds ebe eshile phezu oxide yithusi, nitrogen khulula kungenzeka kulinganiswa njengoba igesi ngemva ukumuncwa neminye imikhiqizo amandla omlilo. A Kjeldahl indlela owaziwa ekutholweni izinto kubhekwe lapha organic compounds liqukethe ukubola kwakwakhe nge kanzulu sulfuric acid (ngokuzikhethela equkethe mercury noma oxide yayo, nosawoti ahlukahlukene). Ngakho-nitrogen is kuguquka ammonium sulfate. Ukungeza sodium hydroxide ukukhishwa ammonia, okuyinto eqoqwe yinoma ezivamile acid; inani bokungasetshenziswa unreacted acid is ke enqunywe Titration.

ukubaluleka Biological and bokuphila

Iqhaza nitrogen endabeni ophilayo kuqinisekisa umsebenzi wayo bokuphila organic compounds. eziningi eziphilayo ophilayo Awukwazi ukusebenzisa lesi sici chemical ngokwalo kufanele ukufinyelela compounds yayo. Ngakho-ke, nenkanuko edlulele nitrogen ubalulekile. Ngokwemvelo, lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa izinqubo ezimbili eziyisisekelo. Omunye umphumela energy kagesi emkhathini, ukuze nitrogen ne-oxygen molecule Nqamula, ngokuvumela ama-athomu khulula ukwakha CHA futhi CHA _2. Dioxide bese ihlangana emanzini: 3NO ₂ + H ₂ O → 2HNO ₃ + CHA.

HNO ₃ siphela futhi ufika Earth emvuleni ngesimo oludakayo ababuthakathaka. Ekugcineni acid kuba ingxenye ehlangene inhlabathi nitrogen okuyinto neutralized ukwakha nitrites nemikhiqizo kamanyolo. Okuqukethwe N nenhlabathi kutshalwa ngokuvamile walulama ngokusebenzisa kokukhulelwa equkethe nitrate kanye ammonium nosawoti. Spin zezilwane nezitshalo noqhekeko yabo ibuyisa kwakwakhe nitrogen enhlabathini emoyeni.

Enye yemvelo inqubo ezinkulu kokungathembeki kuyinto msebenzi obalulekile okusanhlamvu. Ngenxa Symbiosis nama-bacterium, lezi amasiko kukhona olukwazi ukushintsha i-nitrogen esemkhathini ibe izakhi ngokuqondile yayo. Ezinye ezincane, njenge Azotobacter Chroococcum futhi Clostridium pasteurianum, bayakwazi ukulungisa N. zabo

igesi uqobo, ngokuba inert, emsulwa, ngaphandle lapho ukuphefumula icindezelekile, futhi siphela egazini futhi olunye uketshezi lomzimba at lokuhlala ephakeme. Lokhu kubangela umphumela izidakamizwa, futhi uma ngizwa ingcindezi kuyehla ngokushesha, i-nitrogen ngokweqile ikhishwe njengoba igesi Bubbles ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zomzimba. Lokhu kungabangela ubuhlungu emisipheni nasemalungeni, yokufikelwa, ukukhubazeka isikhashana esinqunyiwe kanye nokufa imbala. Lezi izimpawu zibizwa ngokuthi decompression ukugula. Ngakho-ke, labo bophezela ithuba lokuphefumula umoya ezimweni ezinjalo kumele kube kancane kakhulu ukunciphisa ingcindezi kumuntu evamile nitrogen ngokweqile out ukudlula emaphashini ngaphandle kumiswa Bubbles. A ehlukile kangcono ukusebenzisa ingxube esiwuhogelayo umoya-mpilo ne-helium. Helium kakhulu ukubuyeka oncibilikayo uketshezi lomzimba, futhi ingozi incipha.

isotopes

Nitrogen ikhona njengenkampani isotopes ezimbili esitebeleni ¹⁴ N (99,63%) kanye ¹⁵ N (0,37%). Abakwazi ahlukaniswe exchange chemical noma okusheshayo ezishisayo. nitrogen mass ngesimo yokufakelwa IKhompyuthaYami enemisebe ungaphakathi uhla 10-13 futhi 16-24. Esitebeleni kunazo isigamu-ukuphila imizuzu 10. Okokuqala eyayenziwe ngamabomu transmutation zenuzi senziwe 1919 yi-physics British Ernest 'uRutherford, okuyinto bombarding nitrogen-14-alpha-izinhlayiya etholwe nucleus-17-mpilo nama-proton.

izakhiwo

Ekugcineni uhlu izakhiwo eziyisisekelo nitrogen:

• inombolo Atomic: 7.
• isisindo Atomic nitrogen: 14,0067.
• Ukuma: -209,86 ° C.
• abilayo: -195,8 ° C.
• Ubuningi (1 atm, 0 ° C): 1,2506 amagremu nitrogen ilitha.
• isimo Ezivamile namachibi ka -3, +3, +5.
• Electron ukucushwa: 1s 2s ^{2 2 3} 2P.