I-physics ewusizo: i-photoeffect yangaphandle

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isilinganiso somuntu ovamile sasiphila ekuphileni kwakhe kwansuku zonke kusukela ohlelweni lwesikole ayedlulile, akusho, futhi kuzokukwenza ukhumbule. Yilokho okwenzekayo uma kuziwa ekubukeni komphumela we-photoelectric wangaphandle.

Incazelo

Umphumela we-photoelectric ku-physics ngokuvamile uthathwa njengendlela yokuhlanganisa ama-electron kuma-athomu, ama-molecule wezinto ezenzekayo futhi kwenzeka ngaphansi kwethonya lokukhanya. Futhi umphumela wangaphandle we-photoelectric wuhlelo lapho ama-electron akhishwa khona ngokukhanya ngamandla anjalo kangangokuthi aphephe ngaphandle kwemingcele yangaphandle yempahla yawo.

Umlando omncane nomkhuba

Ngokokuqala ngqá leli qiniso elimangalisayo lenza ukunakekelwa kwe-physicist waseJalimane uHeinrich Hertz esikhathini esikude sonyaka we-1887. Ukutadisha ukutholakala kwaqhutshwa ngumlingani kaHerz, isazi sezincwadi saseRussia uSteletov. U-Einstein ohlakaniphile wakha umqondo wempumelelo yezithombe ngokusekelwe emibonweni ye- physic quantum. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, umphumela wangaphandle we-photoelectric uye wahlolisiswa ngokujulile futhi ohlukahlukeneyo, nolwazi olutholakali lisetshenziselwa ngokugcwele ekuthuthukiseni nasekukhiqizeni izinsimbi ezisekelwe ku-photocell. Uma sithatha isibonelo esiyisisekelo kunazo zonke, khona-ke lokhu kuyisango legalaji elizenzekelayo , ukusebenza emafayeleni wesithombe.

Izinqubo zalolu hlobo zisebenza ngamandla kagesi. Noma kunjalo, ama-photocells, asebenzisa kuphela umphumela we-photoelectric wangaphandle, ukuguqula amandla athola imisebe ibe yombane kagesi ngokuphelele. Ngakho-ke, ukuwasebenzisa njengemithombo kagesi akukho mqondo okhethekile, ongasho ngokuzenzakalela. Kungenxa ngosizo lwezinsika ezikhanyayo ukuthi ama-electrochains alawulwa ngezindlela ezizenzakalelayo.

Ngaphandle kokwedlulisa ikhono, kungase kudingeke ukuthi ukutholakala komphumela we-photoelectric uye waba umcimbi wangempela wokuguqula isimo semvelo. Nazi imiphumela ephawulekayo:

• Ngaphambi kososayensi, imfihlakalo yemvelo yokukhanya, i-radi light, yembula;
• I-Cinema kusukela yisimungulu yaba "ukukhuluma", izindlela zokukhuluma ngezwi zenziwa, futhi iqiniso lokudlulisa isithombe esithintayo nalo lenziwe amandla ngomphumela we-photoelectric;
• Indalo ngesisekelo samadivaysi e-photoelectronic yemishini kanye "nemishini ehlakaniphile", ehambisana nemigomo ebekiwe ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza komuntu, ukuveza imininingwane ehlukahlukene;
• Izindlela eziningi ezahlukene ezisekelwe emsebenzini wokuzenzekelayo kwe-photoelectronic.

Ngakho-ke, i-photoeffect ngokwayo kanye nokusebenza kwayo sekube uhlobo lokuphumelela kwezobuchwepheshe banamuhla.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwama-photocells

Imiphumela yesithombe ihlukaniswe yaba izinhlobo eziningana kuye ngezindawo zabo nemisebenzi.

1. I-photoeffect yangaphandle (ngenye indlela - ukukhishwa kwe-photoelectron). Ama-electron ahamba ngaphandle kwezinto lapho kwenzeka kuthiwa ama-photoelectrons. Futhi amandla kagesi, awakwenzayo lapho ehamba ngendlela ehlelekile eceleni kwensimu yangaphandle kagesi, waziwa ngokuthi i-photocurrent.
2. Umphumela wangaphakathi we-photoelectric ochaphazela ukuphathwa kwe-photoconduct of substance. Kuyenzeka lapho ama-electron ehlukaniswa kabusha kuwo wonke ama-semiconductors kanye ne-dielectrics, ngokuya ngesimo sabo samandla kanye nesifundazwe esiphezulu-esiqinile noma esiyinkimbinkimbi. Isimo sokubuyiswa kabusha senziwa ngaphansi kwethonya lokukhanya. Yilokho lapho ukuqhutshwa komshini kagesi kuyanda; Umphumela we-photoconductivity utholakele.
3. Umphumela we-valve photoelectric - ukuguquka kwama-photoelectrons ezivela emzimbeni wabo kuya kwamanye ama-solids (semiconductors) noma i-liquid (electrolytes).

Umphumela wangaphandle we-photoelectric yisisekelo somsebenzi wezithombe ze-vacuum zanamuhla. Zenziwe ngesimo sezingilazi zilazi, lapho ingaphakathi langaphakathi lihlanganiswa khona ngendwangu encane yokuhlwitha kwensimbi. Ubukhulu obungaqakathekile besendlalelo bunganikeza isivuno esincane sokusebenza. Iwindi elibonakalayo le-bulb livumela ekukhanyeni, futhi i-anode etholakala ngaphakathi kwayo ngesimo se-wire loop noma i-disk ibamba ama-photoelectrons. Uma i-anode ixhunywe emgqeni omuhle webhethri, isifunda sizovalwa futhi amandla kagesi azogeleza kuwo. Yebo. Ama-photocells avule angashintsha noma avule ukulayishwa.

Ngokuhlanganisa ama-photocells bese udlulisela, ungakha imishini ehlukile yokubona, isibonelo, umshini wesitimela.

Ngakho-ke, ukuba yisisekelo sezinqubo eziningi zokukhiqiza, umphumela wangaphandle wezithombe njengokutholakala okukhulu ngokomzimba kuye kwaba yisihluthulelo ekusebenzeni okuphumelelayo kwezitshalo ezenziwe ngezimboni.