Umbono kaSchrödinger: incazelo, izici, izivivinyo kanye nesicelo

Lesi sihloko sichaza lokho okushiwo nguSchrödinger. Umnikelo walena ososayensi omkhulu kuya kwisayensi yanamuhla uboniswa, kanti futhi ukuhlolwa okucatshangwa ngekathi owasungulwe nguye kuchazwa. Khulumisa ngokufushane ububanzi balolo hlobo lwolwazi.

U-Erwin Schrödinger

Ikati elibi kakhulu, elingafi noma elisaphila, lisetshenziswa manje yonke indawo. Mayelana naye amafilimu ayenziwa, ngokuhlonishwa kwakhe kuthiwa imiphakathi mayelana ne-physics nezilwane, kukhona ngisho nhlobo uhlobo lokugqoka. Kodwa ngokuvamile ngokuvamile abantu basho ukukhathazeka ngekati elingathandeki. Kodwa ngomdali wakhe, u-Erwin Schrödinger, njengombuso, ukhohlwa. Wazalelwa eVienna, ngaleso sikhathi eyayiyingxenye ye-Austria-Hungary. Wayengumzalo womndeni ofunde kakhulu futhi owazi kahle. Uyise, uRudolph, wakhiqiza i-linoleum futhi wafaka imali, kuhlanganise nesayensi. Unina wayeyindodakazi yesazi samakhemikhali, kanti u-Erwin wayevame ukuzolalela izinkulumo zemfundo zikayise.

Njengoba omunye wabagogo wasosayensi engumNgisi, kusukela ebuntwaneni wayenesithakazelo ngezilimi zakwamanye amazwe futhi afunde kahle isiNgisi. Akumangalisi ukuthi uSrödinger wayengcono kakhulu ekilasini njalo ngonyaka, futhi eyunivesithi wabuza imibuzo enzima. Esikhathini sesayensi ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ukungahambisani phakathi kwe-physics ye-classic eqondakalayo kanye nokuziphatha kwezinhlayiya ezincane nezincane ezivezwe kakade. U-Erwin Schrödinger washiya konke okusemandleni ukuxazulula ukungqubuzana .

Umnikelo kwisayensi

Okokuqala, kufanele kushiwo ukuthi le physicist wayesebenza emikhakheni eminingi yesayensi. Kodwa-ke, uma sithi "i-Schrodinger theory", asisho ukuthi isichazamazwi esihleliwe sombala esakhiwe nguye, kodwa umnikelo wemishini ye-quantum. Ngalezo zinsuku, ubuchwepheshe, ukuhlolwa kanye nenkolelo kwahambisana. Isithombe sathuthuka, i-spectra yokuqala yabhalwa, kutholakala umonakalo we-radioactivity. Ososayensi abathola imiphumela baxhumana kakhulu nalabo abathintekayo: bavumelane, baxhasana, baphikisana. Izikole ezintsha namagatsha esayensi zadalwa. Izwe lidlalwa ngemibala ehluke kakhulu, futhi isintu sithole imishado emisha. Naphezu kokuyinkimbinkimbi kwezixhobo zamathematika, kungenzeka ukuchaza lokho okushiwo nguSchrödinger inkulumo elula.

I-Quantum world - kulula!

Manje sekuyaziwa ukuthi isilinganiso sezinto eziphenywe ngokuqondile sithinta imiphumela. Izinto ezibonakala ezweni zilalela imibono ye-physics ye-classic. Umbono weSchrödinger usebenza emizimbeni enezilinganiso zama-nanometer ayikhulu namakhulu namancane. Futhi kaningi sikhuluma ngama-athomu ngabanye nezinhlayiyana ezincane. Ngakho-ke, ingxenye ngayinye ye-microsystem inezinkampani zombili izinhlayiya namagagasi (ubuciko bomdabu). Kusukela emhlabeni jikelele kuya kuma-electron, i-proton, i-neutron, njll, kunesisindo esikhulu futhi esihambisanayo, isivinini, ukusheshisa. Kusukela ku-wave theory - imingcele enjengemvamisa kanye ne-resonance. Ukuze siqonde ukuthi lokhu kungenzeka kanjani ngesikhathi esifanayo, futhi kungani behlukana phakathi komunye nomunye, ososayensi badinga ukucabangela ngokujwayelekile yonke imiqondo yesakhiwo sezinto.

Umbono kaSchrödinger uchaza ukuthi izibalo ezimbili zixhunywe ngekwakhiwa okuthile, okuthiwa umsebenzi wokuguqula. Ukuthola incazelo yemathemikhali yalo mqondo kwaletha uSroedinger umklomelo weNobel. Nokho, incazelo engokomzimba eyaboniswa ngumlobi ayihambisani nezethulo zikaBohr, Sommerfeld, Heisenberg no-Einstein, owasungula lokho okubizwa ngeCopenhagen. Ngakho-ke kwavela "ukuphazamiseka kwekati".

Umsebenzi we-Wave

Uma kuziwa emkhatsini wezinhlayiya eziyisisekelo, imiqondo ehlanganiswe ku-macroscales ilahlekelwa isisindo: ubuningi, ivolumu, isivinini, ubukhulu. Futhi kufika amalungelo abo okungaqiniseki okungahleliwe. Izinto zalesisayizi azikwazi ukulungiswa kumuntu - izindlela zokufunda ezihlukene kuphela ezifinyeleleka kubantu. Isibonelo, ukukhishwa kokukhanya esikrinini esibucayi noma kwifilimu, inani lokuchofoza, ubukhulu befilimu obufakiwe. Yonke indawo yindawo yokubala.

Inkolelo yeSchrödinger isekelwe ekulinganisweni okwenziwe yilososayensi. Futhi ingxenye yabo ebalulekile iyinhlangano yokuguqula. Ichaza ngokukhethekile uhlobo lwezinhlobo ze-quantum ze-particle ngaphansi kophenyo. Kukholelwa ukuthi umsebenzi wokuguqula ubonisa isimo, isibonelo, se-electron. Nokho, yena ngokwakhe, ngokuphambene nemibono yomlobi wakhe, akanalo incazelo yomzimba. Kuyinto nje ithuluzi elihle lemathematika. Njengoba kuleli phepha sethula inkolelo yeSchrödinger ngamagama alula, asitshele ukuthi isikwele somsebenzi wamagagasi sichaza amathuba okuthola uhlelo esimweni esinqunyiwe.

Ikati njengesibonelo se-macroobject

Ngalokhu kuhunyushwa, okuthiwa iCopenhagen, umbhali ngokwakhe akazange avumelane kuze kube sekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe. Wadumala ukuphazamiseka komqondo wokuthi kungenzeka, futhi wagcizelela ukubonakala komsebenzi ngokwawo, hhayi isikwele sakhe.

Njengesibonelo sokungqubuzana kweziphakamiso ezinjalo, waphikisa ukuthi kulokhu i-microcosm ingathinta izinto ezincane. Imfundiso yenkampani yeSchrodinger ithi: Uma umzimba ophilayo (isibonelo, ikati) kufakwa ebhokisini elivaliwe futhi i-capsule enegesi enobuthi ivuleka, uma isakhi esithile senomsakazo sihlakazeka futhi sihlala sivaliwe, uma ukubola kungenzeki, khona-ke kutholakala ukuphazamiseka ngaphambi kokuba ibhokisi livuliwe. Ngokusho kwemiqondo ye-quantium, i-athomu yezinto ezisetshenziselwa ukuvuthwa ngamathuba athile kungenzeka isikhathi esithile sizohlakazeka. Ngakho, ngaphambi kokuthola ukuhlolwa, i-athomu ngesikhathi esifanayo ihlangene futhi ingenjalo. Futhi, ngokusho kwengqikithi kaSchroedinger, ngesabelo esifanayo sokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ikati lifile ngesikhathi esifanayo, kodwa ngenye indlela liphila. Lokho, uzovuma, akunangqondo, ngokuba sesivule ibhokisi, siyothola isimo esisodwa sezilwane. Futhi esitsheni esivaliwe, eduze kwe-capsule ebulalayo, ikati lingase lifile noma liphila, njengoba lezi zibalo zingekho futhi aziphakamisi izinketho eziphakathi.

Lesi simo sinokukhonjiswa, kodwa asikakacaciswanga ngokugcwele: ngokungabikho kwezimo ezinqunyelwe isikhathi sokunquma isimo esithile sekati eliyinkimbinkimbi, lo mzamo akungabazeki ukuthi uyazicabangela. Noma kunjalo, imithetho ye-quantum-mechanical ayikwazi ukusetshenziselwa izinto ezinkulu. Ukudweba ngokuqondile umugqa phakathi kwe-microcosm futhi okujwayelekile akukaze kwenzeke. Noma kunjalo, isilwane ubukhulu bekati, ngaphandle kokungabaza, kuyinto enkulu.

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-quantum mechanics

Ngokuqondene nanoma yikuphi, ngisho nemfundiso, indaba, kuphakama umbuzo ngokuthi yini ikati leSchrodinger elingasiza. I-big bang theory, isibonelo, isekelwe ngqo kulezinqubo ezihlobene nalolu cwaningo lokucabanga. Konke okuhlobene nokuvinjelwa kwe-ultra-high, isakhiwo esincane kakhulu sendaba, ukutadisha yonke indawo, kuchazwa, phakathi kwezinye izinto, nge-quantum mechanics.