Indlela yokwenza ucwaningo lwezinto eziphilayo: incazelo, izici kanye nemiphumela. Indlela yezinto eziphilayo zezokwelapha

Indlela yezinto ezinokwemvelo yiyona ndlela eyinhloko ku-biochemistry kusukela ezindleleni eziyisisekelo zokuhlola izifo ezihlukahlukene ezibangelwa ukukhathazeka komzimba. Le ndlela yokuhlaziywa izoxoxwa kulesi sihloko.

Izinto zokuxilonga

Izinto zokuxilongwa kokuhlaziywa kwezinto eziphilayo ziyi:

• Igazi;
• I-Urine;
• Iphunga nezinye iziphuzo eziphilayo;
• Indwangu;
• Amaseli.

Indlela yokwenza uphenyo yenza kube lula ukunquma umsebenzi we-enzyme, okuqukethwe kwemikhiqizo yemetrikhi ezihlukahlukene zamanzi eziphilayo, kanye nokuveza ukuphazamiseka kwemithi okubangelwa ifa.

Umlando

Indlela yezinto eziphilayo yatholwa udokotela waseNgilandi u-A. Garrod ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Wafunda i-alkaptonuria, futhi phakathi naleso sifundo wathola ukuthi isifo somzimba esifanayo noma isifo se-metabolic singathathwa ngesisekelo sokungabikho kwe-enzyme ethile.

Izifo ezihlukahlukene zokuzalwa zibangelwa ukushintshashintsha kwezakhi zofuzo ezishintsha isakhiwo nesivinini seprotheyini emzimbeni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-carbohydrate, amaprotheni kanye ne-lipid metabolism iphazamiseka.

Okuyisisekelo

Ngokwezinhloso zokuxilongwa ngemitholampilo, kusetshenzwa amakhemikhali amakhemikhali nezicubu, njengoba ku-pathology, izinguquko ekugxilweni, ukungabikho kwezingxenye, noma ukubonakala kwesinye isici kungavela. Ukuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali kunquma inani lemithi ethile, ibhalansi ye-hormonal, ama-enzyme.

Ama-molecule, amaprotheni, amakhemikhali e-nucleic nezinye izinto eziyingxenye yomzimba ophilayo zifundiswa.

Imiphumela

Umphumela wendlela yokwenza uphenyo lwezinto ezinokwemvelo ingahlukaniswa ngokuthi i-qualitative (itholakale noma ingatholakali) futhi inqwaba (yikuphi okuqukethwe kwezinto eziphilayo eziphilayo).

Kule ndlela yokucwaninga yekhwalithi, izakhiwo zezinto ezisetshenziswayo, ezibonakaliswa ngaphansi kwamathonya athile amakhemikhali (ngokushisa, ngokufaka ama-reagents) asetshenziswa.

Indlela yokucwaninga eqondile yocwaningo inqunywe ngesisekelo somgomo ofanayo, kodwa okokuqala thola ukutholakala kwento ethile, bese ulinganisa ukuhlushwa kwayo.

Ama-Hormone, abalamuleli baqukethe emzimbeni ngobuncane kakhulu, ngakho okuqukethwe kwabo kulinganiswa ngokusebenzisa izinto zokuhlolwa kwezinto eziphilayo (isibonelo, isitho esisodwa noma isilwane sonke sokuhlola). Lokhu kwandisa ukuzwela nokucaciswa kwezifundo.

Ukuziphendukela kwemlando

Indlela yezinto ezinokwemvelo iyathuthukiswa ukuze ithole umphumela onembile kakhulu kanye nolwazi mayelana nesimo sezinqubo zokuqukethe umzimba emzimbeni, izinqubo zamathambo ezinhlotsheni ezithile namaseli. Muva nje, izindlela zokuxilonga zezinto eziphilayo zihlangene nezinye izindlela zokucwaninga, njenge-immune, histological, cytological kanye nabanye. Ukuze usebenzise indlela eyinkimbinkimbi noma izindlela, imishini ekhethekile isetshenziswa ngokuvamile.

Kunesinye isiqondiso endleleni yezinto eziphilayo, ezingabangelwa isicelo sokuxilongwa kwemithi. Ukusebenzisa ukuthuthukiswa nokusetshenziswa kwendlela esheshayo neyenziwe ngendlela elula engavumela emaminithini ambalwa ukucacisa ukuhlolwa kwezinkomba eziphilayo ezifunayo.

Namuhla, ama-laboratories afakwe imishini yakamuva yakamuva kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezizenzekelayo kanye nezizenzekelayo (abahlaziyi), okukuvumela ukuba uqinisekise ngokushesha futhi ngokunembile inani elifunayo.

Indlela yokucwaninga ngegazi: izindlela

Ukulinganisa kwezinto ezibonakalayo eziketshezi eziphilayo kanye nokuzimisela kwazo kwenziwa ngezindlela eziningi ezahlukene. Isibonelo, ukucacisa isibonakaliso esinjalo njenge-cholesterol esterase, kunamakhulu ezinhlobonhlobo zezindlela zocwaningo lwezinto eziphilayo. Ukuzikhethela inqubo ethile kuxhomeke ekutheni uhlobo lwezinto eziphilayo ezifundwayo zifundwa.

Indlela yokwenza uphenyo isetshenziselwa ukucacisa into eyodwa noma isibonakaliso kokubili ngezingoma nangezingqinamba. Lesi sibonakaliso sihlolwe ngesikhathi esithile sosuku, ngaphansi komthwalo othile, ngesikhathi sesifo, uma uthatha noma yimiphi imithi.

Izici zendlela

Izici zendlela yezinto eziphilayo:

• Isamba esincane sezinto eziphilayo ezisetshenziswayo;
• Ukusheshisa kokuhlaziywa;
• Uhlelo lokusebenza olunokwenzeka oluningi lendlela;
• Ukunemba;
• Indlela yezinto eziphilayo ingasetshenziswa ngenkathi yesifo;
• Ukusebenzisa izidakamizwa akuthinti umphumela wesifundo.

Izindlela zezinto ezinokwemvelo eziphathelene nezakhi zofuzo

Ezenzweni zofuzo, indlela ye-cytogenetic yophenyo isetshenziswa kaningi. Ivumela ukutadisha ngokuningiliziwe izakhiwo ze-chromosomal kanye ne-karyotype yabo. Ukusebenzisa le ndlela, kungenzeka ukukhomba izifo ezithinta izidakamizwa nezama-monogenic ezihlotshaniswa nezinguquko kanye nama-polymorphisms ezakhi zofuzo nezakhi zawo.

Indlela yokwelapha yezinto eziphilayo isetshenziswa kabanzi ukuthola izinhlobo ezintsha ze-mutant alleles ku-DNA. Ngosizo lendlela, izifo ezingaphezu kwezingu-1000 zezifo ze-metabolic ziye zaqanjwa futhi zachazwa. Eziningi zezifo ezichazwe yizifo ezihlobene neziphambeko ezinomsoco nezinye iziprotheyini ezakhiwe.

Ukuthola ukuphazanyiswa kwamagciwane ngokwezindlela zokwelapha kwenziwa ngezindlela ezimbili.

Isigaba sokuqala:

• Ukukhethwa kwamacala okusolakala kwenziwa.

Isigaba sesibili:

• Ukuxilongwa kwesifo kuqondile futhi kunzima kakhulu.

Izingane ezisanda kuzalwa ngesikhathi sokubeletha ngosizo lwezocwaningo lwezinto eziphilayo zitholakala ngezifo ezithinta izifo, okuvumela ukutholakala ngesikhathi sokubeletha kanye nokwelapha okuqala ngesikhathi.

Izinhlobo zendlela

Indlela yezinto eziphilayo eziphilayo eziphilayo zingaba nezinhlobo eziningi. Zonke zazo zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili:

1. Izindlela zezinto eziphilayo, ezisekelwe ekutholeni imikhiqizo ethile yezinto eziphilayo. Lokhu kungenxa yezinguquko ezenzweni ze-alleles ezahlukene.
2. Indlela esekelwe ekukhoneni ngqo i-nucleic acids nama-proteine nge-gel electrophoresis ngokuhambisana namanye amasu, njengokubamba-ukuchithwa kwemvelo, ukulandelana kwemifanekiso.

Indlela yezinto eziphilayo zisiza ukukhomba abathwali be-heterozygous zezifo ezihlukahlukene. Izinqubo zomzimba emzimbeni womuntu ziholela ekubukeni kwe-alleles nakwe-rearrangements ye-chromosome, enomthelela omubi empilweni yomuntu.

Izindlela zezinto eziphilayo zokuxilonga zivumela ukwembulwa kwe-polymorphisms ehlukahlukene kanye nokushintshashintsha kwezakhi zofuzo. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nokuxilonga kwezinto eziphilayo esikhathini sethu kusiza ukubona nokuqinisekisa inombolo enkulu yezifo ezihlukahlukene ezinkambisweni zomzimba zomzimba.

Lesi sihloko sasihlola indlela yokuhlaziywa kwezinto eziphilayo.