Imfundo:, Isayensi
I-biochemistry yi ... Eziyisisekelo ze-biochemistry
I-biomass yendiza yethu iqukethe abamele bonke imibuso yokuphila kwemvelo: izilwane, izitshalo, isikhunta, amagciwane, amabhaktheriya. Inani labamele umbuso ngamunye likhulu kakhulu kangangokuthi lihlala limangala ukuthi sonke sifana kanjani noMhlaba. Kodwa, naphezu kokuhlukahluka okunjalo, zonke izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni zihlanganisa izici eziningana eziyisisekelo.
Umphakathi wazo zonke izinto eziphilayo
Ubufakazi buqukethe izici eziningana eziyinhloko zeziphilayo eziphilayo:
- Isidingo sokudla (ukusetshenziswa kwamandla nokuguqulwa kwalo ngaphakathi komzimba);
- Isidingo sokuphefumula (okushicilelwa kwezinto eziphilayo) ;
- Amandla okuzala;
- Ukukhula nokuthuthukiswa ngesikhathi sokuphila.
Noma yiziphi izinqubo ezifakwe ohlwini zimelelwa emzimbeni ngobuningi bokuphendula kwamakhemikhali. Njalo kwesibili ngaphakathi kwanoma yikuphi umuntu ophilayo, kungabi yedwa umuntu, amakhulu ekuphenduleni ayenzeka ekuqaliseni nasekuqhekekeni kwama-molecule aphilayo. Isakhiwo, izici zomphumela wamakhemikhali, ukusebenzisana komunye nomunye, ukuhlanganiswa, ukubola kanye nokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezintsha zama-molecule wezinto eziphilayo nezakhiwe-konke lokhu kuhloswe ngokutadisha isayensi enkulu, ezithakazelisayo nezihlukahlukene. I-biochemistry yinkambu yolwazi eqhubekayo eqhubekayo ehlola zonke izinqubo zamakhemikhali ezenzeka ngaphakathi kwezidalwa eziphilayo.
Into
Into yokutadisha i-biochemistry yizinto eziphilayo kuphela kanye nazo zonke izinqubo ezibalulekile ezenzeka kuzo. Futhi ngokuqondile - ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okwenzeka ngesikhathi sokudliwa kokudla, ukwabiwa kwemikhiqizo ebalulekile, ukukhula nentuthuko. Ngakho, isisekelo se-biochemistry yisifundo:
- Amafomu angewona amaselula okuphila - amagciwane.
- Amaseli we-Prokaryotic amabhaktheriya.
- Izitshalo eziphakeme futhi eziphansi.
- Izilwane zazo zonke amakilasi aziwayo.
- Umzimba womuntu.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-biochemistry ngokwayo isayensi esencane evelele kuphela ngokuqoqwa kolwazi olwanele mayelana nezinqubo zangaphakathi eziphilayo. Ukuvela kwalo nokuzihlukanisa kubuyele emuva engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-XIX.
Izigaba zanamuhla ze-biochemistry
Esikhathini samanje sokuthuthukiswa, i-biochemistry ihlanganisa izingxenye eziningana eziyinhloko, ezivezwa etafuleni.
Isigaba | Incazelo | Into yokutadisha |
Dynamic Biochemistry | Uhlola ukuphendula kwamakhemikhali okwenza ukuxhumeka kwamakhemikhali emzimbeni | Ama-metabolites ama-molecule alula kanye neziqhamo zawo, ezakhiwe ngenxa ye-energy exchange; Ama-monosaccharides, ama-acids ama-fat, ama-nucleotide, ama-amino acids |
I-biochemistry yaseStatic | Uhlola ukubunjwa kwamakhemikhali ngaphakathi kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nokwakhiwa kwama-molecule | Amavithamini, amaprotheni, ama-carbohydrate, i-nucleic acid, ama-amino acids, ama-nucleotide, i-lipids, ama-hormone |
Bioenergetics | Ufunda ukumuncwa, ukuqoqwa nokuguqulwa kwamandla ohlelweni lwezinto eziphilayo | Esinye sezigaba ze-biochemistry eshukumisayo |
I-Biochemistry esebenzayo | Ufunda imininingwane yazo zonke izinqubo zomzimba zomzimba | Ukudla nokugaya, ukuphefumula, ukulawulwa kwe- asidi-base balance, ukukhishwa kwemisipha, ukuqhutshwa kwesisindo somzimba, ukulawula isibindi nezinso, isenzo samasosha omzimba nesiguli kanye nokunye |
I-biochemistry yezokwelapha (i-biochemistry yabantu) | Uhlola izinqubo zokuqubuzana kwezidakamizwa kubantu (eziphilayo ezinempilo nezifo) | Ukuhlola izilwane kwenza kube lula ukuthola amasiko ahlanzekile amabhaktheriya e-pathogenic abangela isifo kubantu futhi athole izindlela zokuwalawula |
Ngakho-ke, kungashiwo ukuthi i-biochemistry iyinkimbinkimbi enkulu yesayensi encane ehlanganisa zonke izinhlobo zezinqubo zangaphakathi eziyinkimbinkimbi kunazo zonke zezinhlelo zokuphila.
Isayensi yensizakalo
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ulwazi oluningi oluhlukene lwaluhlanganisiwe, futhi amakhono amaningi esayensi asungulwa ukucubungula imiphumela yocwaningo, ukukhiqiza ama-bacterium colonies, ukuchaza i-DNA ne-RNA, ukuhlanganisa izingxenye eziziwa ze-genome nezakhiwo ezibekiwe, njalonjalo, ukuthi kunesidingo sezesayensi ezengeziwe ezixhaswe yi-biochemistry . Lezi zinsayensi ezifana nalezi:
- Biology yamangqamuzana;
- Ubunjiniyela bezakhi;
- I-Gene ukuhlinzwa;
- Izakhi zofuzo;
- Enzymology;
- Immunology;
- I-biophysics ye-molecular.
Ngayinye yalezi zinsimu zolwazi inezimpumelelo eziningi ekucwaningweni kwezinto eziphilayo zokuphila eziphilayo, ngakho-ke kubaluleke kakhulu. Bonke babo bangabosayensi bekhulu lama-20.
Izimbangela zokuthuthukiswa okujulile kwe-biochemistry kanye nesayensi yokuxhaswa
Ngo-1958, i-Koran yathola isakhi kanye nesakhiwo sayo, emva kwalokho ngo-1961 i-genetic code yaqedwa. Khona-ke isakhiwo se-molecule ye-DNA yasungulwa - isakhiwo esine-double-stranded esakwazi ukunciphisa (ukuzikhiqiza). Zonke izinkolelo zezinqubo zamathambo (i-anabolism kanye ne-catabolism) zachazwa, isakhiwo semfundo ephakeme nesiphezulu se-molecule yamaprotheni yafundiswa. Futhi lokhu akulona uhlu oluphelele lwezinto ezitholakalayo ezinkulu zekhulu lama-20, okuyisisekelo se-biochemistry. Zonke lezi zinto zitholwa yizinkampani zezinto eziphilayo kanye nesayensi ngokwazo. Ngakho-ke, kunezinto eziningi ezidingekayo zokuthuthukiswa kwayo. Umuntu angakwazi ukuveza izizathu eziningana zanamuhla zokushintsha nokuqina kwazo ekuba khona.
- Izisekelo zezinqubo eziningi zamakhemikhali ezivela eziphilayo eziphilayo zivezwe.
- Isimiso sobumbano emisebenzini eminingi yezinto eziphilayo nezamandla kuzo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo zenziwa (isibonelo, zifana namabhaktheriya nabantu).
- I-biochemistry yezokwelapha yenza kube lula ukuthola ukhiye wokwelashwa kwezifo ezihlukahlukene eziyinkimbinkimbi nezingozi.
- Ngosizo lwe-biochemistry kwaba lula ukusondela ekuxazululeni izinkinga zomhlaba jikelele zezinto eziphilayo kanye nemithi.
Ngakho isiphetho: i-biochemistry iyisayensi eqhubekayo, ebalulekile futhi ebanzi kakhulu evumela ukuthi bathole izimpendulo zemibuzo eminingi yabantu.
I-biochemistry eRussia
Ezweni lakithi, i-biochemistry ihamba phambili futhi ibalulekile isayensi njengezwe lonke. I-Institute of Biochemistry im. I-Bakh Institute ye-Biochemistry ne-Physiology yama-microorganisms. I-GK Skryabin RAS, i-Research Institute ye-Biochemistry SB RAS. Ososayensi bethu banendima enkulu kanye nemisebenzi eminingi emlandweni wokuthuthukiswa kwesayensi. Isibonelo, indlela ye-immunoelectrophoresis, izindlela ze-glycolysis, isimiso sokuhlanganiswa kwama- nucleotide esakhiweni se-molecule ye-DNA satholwa futhi kwenziwa nezinye izinto ezibalulekile. Ekupheleni kwesikhathi se-XIX nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XX. Ngokuvamile, kwakungekho amaziko aphelele, kodwa uMnyango Wezokwelapha I-Biochemistry kwezinye zeyunivesithi. Nokho, maduzane kunesidingo sokwandisa isikhala sokutadisha le sayensi mayelana nokuthuthukiswa kwayo okujulile.
Izinqubo ze-biochemical zezitshalo
I-biochemistry yezitshalo ixhunyaniswe ngokungahambisani nezinqubo zemvelo. Ngokuvamile, isihloko sokutadisha i-biochemistry kanye ne-physiology yezitshalo yilokhu:
- Umsebenzi we-Vital wesitimu sesitshalo;
- I-Photosynthesis;
- Ukuphefumula;
- Umbuso wezitshalo zamanzi;
- Ukudla okunomsoco;
- Ikhwalithi yesitshalo kanye ne-physiology yokubunjwa kwayo;
- Ukuphikiswa kwezitshalo ezinambuzane kanye nezimo ezimbi zemvelo.
Ukubaluleka Kwezolimo
Ulwazi lwezinqubo ezijulile ze-biochemistry ezitshalweni zezitshalo nezicubu zivumela ukwandisa ikhwalithi kanye nenani lezitshalo zezitshalo zokulima ezitshalwayo, okuyizinto ezikhiqiza kakhulu imikhiqizo yokudla ebalulekile kubo bonke abantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-physiology kanye ne-biochemistry yezitshalo zisisiza ukuba sithole izindlela zokuxazulula izinkinga zokuphazamiseka kwezinambuzane, ukumelana nezimila ezimweni ezingavumelekile zendawo, nokunikeza ithuba lokuthuthukisa izinga lokukhiqizwa kwezitshalo.
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