Ukwakhiwa kwe-hydra yamanzi ahlanzekile

Kusukela kulesi sihloko uzofunda konke mayelana nesakhiwo samanzi ahlanzekile, indlela yaso yokuphila, ukudla okunomsoco, ukukhiqiza.

Isakhiwo sangaphandle se-hydra

I-polyp (okusho ukuthi "i-multi-legged") i-hydra yisidalwa esincane esicacile esiphila emanzini ahlanzekile asemifuleni, emachibi, emachibini. Lesi silwane esinomsoco siholela ekudleni noma ngokuphila okunamathele. Isakhiwo sangaphandle samanzi ahlanzekile hydra silula. Umzimba unesimo esivamile esivamile. Ngomunye wemikhawulo yawo umlomo ohaqwe umqhele wezintambo eziningi ezincane (ezinhlanu kuya kweshumi nambili). Ngakolunye uhlangothi lomzimba yedwa, lapho isilwane sikwazi ukunamathela ezintweni ezihlukahlukene ngaphansi kwamanzi. Ubude bomzimba wamanzi ahlanzekile amanzi angafika ku-7 mm, kodwa izintambo zingathathwa futhi zifinyelele ubude bamamitha amaningana.

I-symmetry ye-Beam

Ake sicabangele ngokuningiliziwe kwesakhiwo sangaphandle se-hydra. Ithebula lizosiza ngekhanda izingxenye zomzimba nenhloso yazo.

I-Hydra symmetry ifakwe emzimbeni we-hydra, njengezinye izilwane eziningi ezihola indlela yokuphila enamathele . Kuyini? Uma ucabanga i-hydra futhi uthwala i-axis engxenyeni eduze kwesiqu, khona-ke izintambo zesilwane zizohlukahluka ukusuka ku-axis kuyo yonke indawo, njengezimvula zelanga.

Isakhiwo somzimba we-hydra sichazwa indlela yaso yokuphila. Ihambisana nento engaphansi kwamanzi ngeyodwa, ilenga phansi futhi iqala ukuzamazama, ihlola isikhala esizungezile ngosizo lwezintambo. Isilwane sizingela. Njengoba i-hydra ilele ekudleni, okungabonakala ngakwesinye icala, ilungiselelo le-symmetrical-shaped of tentacles lihle kakhulu.

Isigqoko sesisu

Isakhiwo sangaphakathi se-hydra sizocatshangelwa ngokuningiliziwe. Umzimba we-hydra unjenge-sac clock. Izindonga zalo zinezigaba ezimbili zamangqamuzana, phakathi kwezinto ezitholakala e-intercellular substance (mesogloe). Ngakho, ngaphakathi emzimbeni kunamathumbu emathumbu (gastral). Ukudla kungena kuwo ngokusebenzisa ukuvula umlomo. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi i-hydra, okwamanje ayidli, umlomo cishe awukho. Amaseli e-ectoderm avaliwe futhi ahlanganiswa ngendlela efana nayo yonke indawo yomzimba. Ngakho-ke, njalo ngaphambi kokudla, i-hydra kufanele ibuye ibuyele.

Ukwakhiwa kwamanzi ahlanzekile e-hydra kuvumela ukuba ushintshe indawo yokuhlala. Ngomunye wesilwane kukhona ukuvulwa okuncane - i-pore yokuziphatha. Ngayo kusukela emathunjini emathunjini emathunjini kanye ne-bubble encane yegesi ingakhishwa. Ngesizo salesi simiso, i-hydra iyakwazi ukususa kusuka e-substrate iphinde ifinyelele emanzini. Ngale ndlela elula, ngosizo lwamanzi, ihlala phansi echibini.

I-Ectoderm

Isakhiwo sangaphakathi se-hydra simelelwa yi-ectoderm ne-endoderm. I-ectoderm yizingqimba zangaphandle zamaseli ezakha umzimba we-hydra. Uma ubheka isilwane ezincane, ungabona ukuthi izinhlobo eziningana zamaseli ziyi-ectoderm: ezihlabayo, ezisemkhatsini kanye ne-epithelial-muscular.

Iqembu elikhulu kunazo zonke yizingqamuzana zesikhumba. Bathintana ngezinhlangothi zabo bese bakha ubuso bomzimba wesilwane. I-cell ngayinye enjalo ine-fibre muscular-contractible. Le ndlela inikeza ikhono lokuhambisa.

Lapho zonke izintambo zifinyeziwe, izivumelwano zomzimba wesilwane, zide, zigoba. Futhi uma ukukhishwa kwenzeka kuphela ohlangothini olulodwa lomzimba, khona-ke i-hydra iphikisiwe. Ngenxa yalomsebenzi wamaseli, isilwane singahamba ngezindlela ezimbili - "ukuwa" nokuhamba.

Futhi ezingxenyeni zangaphandle kukhona amaseli wezinkanyezi ezinjengezinkanyezi. Zinezinqubo ezinde, ezithintana ngazo, zakha inethiwekhi eyodwa - i-plexus ye-nerve eyenza umzimba wonke we-hydra. Xhuma amangqamuzana omzimba nesisindo somzimba.

Phakathi kwamaseli e-epithelial-muscular kukhona amaqembu ezinhlobo ezincane, ezihlosiwe zamaseli aphakathi nuclei enkulu nenani elincane le-cytoplasm. Uma umzimba we-hydra ubonakalisiwe, khona-ke amangqamuzana aphakathi aqala ukukhula futhi ahlukanise. Bakwazi ukuphendukela kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lwamaseli.

Amaseli e-Streptococcal

Ukwakhiwa kwamaseli e-hydra kuyathakazelisa kakhulu, ukukhulunywa okhethekile kufanelwe amaseli ahlabayo (ama-nettle), ahlanganiswa kuwo wonke umzimba wesilwane, ikakhulukazi ama-tentacles. Amaseli agqamile anesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi. Ngaphandle kwe-nucleus ne-cytoplasm, igumbi lokubhoboza elibunjwa bubble lisesitokisini, ngaphakathi kwalo okuyi-filament encane, ebophayo ekhonjiwe ngaphakathi kwe-tube.

Izinwele ezibucayi zivela esitokisini. Uma isilwane noma isitha sithinta lezi zinwele, intambo yokubhoboza iqondiswe ngokucacile futhi iphonswe ngaphandle. Ithimba elibukhali libhoboza umzimba wesisulu, futhi ubuthi budlula emzila wesiteshi, ongabulala isilwane esincane.

Njengomthetho, amangqamuzana amaningi amangqamuzana ayabangela. I-Hydra ithatha izintambo eziyingozi, idonsela emlonyeni futhi i-swallows. Ubuhlungu obukhishwe ngamaseli abuhlungu, bukhonza futhi ukuvikela. Izidakamizwa ezinkulu azithinti i-hydra ehlabayo ebuhlungu. Ubuhlungu be-hydra bufana nalokho okwenzayo enobuthi be-nettle.

Amaseli aqhekezayo angabuye ahlukaniswe abe izinhlobo eziningana. Ezinye izintambo zijoza ubuthi, ezinye - ziyakhathazeka ngokuzungezile isisulu, kanti abanye bayabambelela kuso. Ngemuva kokuvusa, iseli elihlabayo liyafa, kanti elinye lifomuka kusuka kuseli eliphakathi.

Endoderma

Isakhiwo se-hydra siphinde sisho ukutholakala kwesakhiwo esinjalo njengengqimba yeseli yangaphakathi, i-endoderm. Lawa maseli nawo anezintambo ezinomsoco ezinomsoco. Inhloso yabo eyinhloko - ukugaya ukudla. Amaseli endoderm aveza ijusi lokugaya ngokuqondile emathunjini emathumbu. Ngaphansi kwethonya layo, izimayini zihlukaniswa zibe izinhlayiyana. Amanye amangqamuzana e-endoderm ane-flagella ende, eqhubeka njalo. Inendima yabo ukudonsa izinhlayiya zokudla emangqamuzaneni, okuzokwenza ukukhulula ama-pseudopods futhi uthathe ukudla.

Ukugaya kuqhubeka ngaphakathi kweli cell, ngakho-ke kuthiwa yi-intracellular. Ukudla kusetshenzwa ku-vacuoles, futhi izinsalela ezingaxhunywanga zilahlwa ngomlomo. Ukuphefumula nokukhipha okwenzeka kuyo yonke indawo yomzimba. Cabanga futhi ngesakhiwo seselula se-hydra. Ithebula lizosiza ukwenza lokhu ngokubukeka.

I-Reflexes

Isakhiwo se-hydra siyakwazi ukuzwa ushintsho lokushisa, ukwakhiwa kwamakhemikhali kwamanzi, kanye nokuthinta nezinye izinto. Amangqamuzana omzimba wesilwane angase ajabule. Isibonelo, uma uyithinta ngentambo yelinalutho, khona-ke isignali esivela kumaseli ayisisindo ezwayo ngokuthinta izothunyelwa kuwo wonke umuntu, futhi kusukela kumangqamuzana omgogodla kuya e-epithelial-muscular. Amaseli e-Skin-muscle aphendula futhi ahlehlise, i-hydra igxuma ibe yinhlama.

Ukusabela okunjalo kuyisibonelo esicacile se-reflex. Lesi yisenzakalo esiyinkimbinkimbi, esinezinyathelo ezilandelanayo - ukuqonda kwe-stimulus, ukudluliselwa kokuzijabulisa nokuphendula. Isakhiwo se-hydra silula, ngakho-ke izizindla zithandwa kakhulu.

Ukuvuselelwa kabusha

Isakhiwo se-hydra sivumela lesi silwane esincane ukuba sivuselele. Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, amangqamuzana aphakathi akhona emzimbeni womzimba angaguqulwa abe yimuphi uhlobo.

Ngomunye umonakalo emzimbeni, amaseli aphakathi aqala ukuhlukanisa ngokushesha, akhule futhi ashintshe izingxenye ezingekho. Isilonda siphelile. Amakhono okuvuselela i-hydra aphakeme kakhulu kangangokuthi uma uwasika ngesigamu, ingxenye eyodwa izodla izintambo ezintsha nomlomo, kanti enye - i-stem neyodwa.

Ukukhiqiza ngokobulili

I-hydra ingakwazi ukukhiqiza kokubili ngokocansi nangokwecansi. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezihle ehlobo, i-tubercle encane ibonakala emzimbeni wesilwane, udonga luhamba. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, i-tubercle ikhula, ilula. Izithako zivela ekupheleni kwayo, umlomo uphuma.

Ngakho-ke, i-hydra encane ibonakala, ixhunyaniswe nomzimba womama ngesisindo. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi i-budding, njengoba ifana nokuthuthukiswa kwehlumela elisha ezitshalweni. Uma i-hydra encane isilungele ukuhlala yedwa, ihluma. Indodakazi kanye nezidalwa zomama zihlanganiswe ku-substrate ngamathente futhi zihanjiswe ngezindlela ezingafani kuze zihlukaniswe.

Ukukhiqiza ngokocansi

Uma iqala ukuthola isimo esibandayo nesingalungile sidalwa, kungukuthi ukukhiqizwa kocansi kuyaphenduka. E-autumn hydride kusukela phakathi kokuqala ukwakha amaseli ocansi, owesilisa nowesifazane, okungukuthi, amaqanda amaqanda kanye ne-spermatozoa. Amaseli e-egg hydra afana ne-amoebae. Zikhulu, zimbozwe ngamapseudopods. I-Spermatozoa ifana ne-flagellates elula, bayakwazi ukubhukuda ne-flagellum bese bephuma emzimbeni we-hydra.

Ngemuva kokuba i-spermatozoon ingene esitokisini samaqanda, i-nuclei yabo ihlanganiswa nokukhulelwa. Ama-pods ezinyaweni zeqanda leqanda elikhukhunziwe lihlehliswa, ligoqiwe, futhi umbuso uba mkhulu kakhulu. Iqanda lakhiwa.

Zonke i-hydras ekwindla, lapho kuqala isimo sezulu esibanda, zibhubha. Umzimba wokubeletha uyahlukana, kodwa iqanda lihlala liphila futhi lihlala liphila. Entwasahlobo, iqala ukuhlukanisa ngokuzikhandla, amaseli ahlelwe ngezendlalelo ezimbili. Lapho kuqala isimo sezulu esifudumele, i-hydra encane iyaphula igobolondo leqanda bese iqala ukuphila okuzimele.