Olwelwesini amaseli. Biology: isakhiwo iseli isitshalo, isifunda

Amangqamuzana akha izicubu we yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene, kukhona ukungezwani phakathi okuphawulekayo isayizi, simo, izakhi ephambili. Nokho, konke ukufana uhlaka jikelele ukukhula, exchange wokuphila, ukucasuka, ikhono ukuthuthukiswa kokuhlukana. Ngokulandelako, cabangela ngaphezulu isakhiwo iseli isitshalo (Ithebula izingxenye eziyinhloko uzonikezwa ekupheleni isihloko).

Mfushane Umlando

Esebenzisa ukushaqeka osmotic ngo-1925 Gorter futhi Grendel ithole amagobolondo ezingenalutho kwamangqamuzana egazi abomvu, abo okuthiwa "isithunzi". Basuke wanqwabelanisa ibe isitaki, belinganisa surface area yabo. Lipids kwahlukaniswa usebenzisa acetone. Futhi, inani abomvu egazi ashaye per unit endaweni wayezimisele. Naphezu kokwesaba e izibalo wakhishwa ngephutha yi efanele, bese uvula bilayer lipid.

ulwazi olujwayelekile

Ucwaningo nentuthuko izicubu nokukhula izingxenye yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene iphatha biology. Isakhiwo iseli isitshalo kuyinto eyinkimbinkimbi ezintathu bangahlukani exhunywe omunye nomunye izingxenye:

• Core. It ahlukaniswa cytoplasm esebenzisa ulwelwesi ukungena nakwamanye amazwe. Liqukethe nucleolus, inomfi yesihlahla enuzi kanye chromatin.
• I cytoplasm futhi izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezikhethekile - organelles. Lesi sakamuva, ngokukhethekile, faka plastids, mitochondria, lysosomes futhi apharathasi Golgi, cell sikhungo. Organelles njalo samanje. Ngaphandle kwalezi, kukhona kumiswa okwesikhashana, ngokuthi inclusions.
• Isakhiwo, esiyingxenye ebusweni - igobolondo le cell isitshalo.

Izici we ebusweni kudivayisi

Ingabe leukocyte futhi amaseli unicellular eziphilayo jacket inikeza Ukungena emanzini, ama-ion, ama-molecule encane nezinye izingxube zamakhemikhali. A inqubo lapho kukhona Ukungena izinhlayiya okuqinile, ngokuthi phagocytosis. Uma sithola iconsi compounds ketshezi, sikhuluma pinocytosis.

organelles

Ziyakwazi ekhona amaseli eukaryotic. Nge organelles ezihlobene kugucuka begazi ezenzeka iseli. nesembozo yabo diaphragm double - plastids futhi mitochondria. Ziqukethe DNA zabo, kanye nomshini synthesizes amaprotheni. Lokusakaza Kwenziwa sokuhlukanisa. Esikhathini mitochondria, ngaphandle ATP, amaprotheni is kuhlelwe izinto eziningi ezincane. Plastids zikhona plant cells. ukukhiqizwa kabusha wabo wenziwa sokuhlukanisa.

ulwelwesi

Benze iphutha lokucabanga ukuthi olwelwesini amaseli - a cytoplasm. Ulwelwesi kuyinto nokunwebeka ukwakheka kwama-molecule. Olwelwesini abizwa ngokuthi ama-apharathasi kwamanzi, lapho okuqukethwe kuleli gumbi engangikulo kusukela imvelo bangaphandle. Kukhona imisebenzi ehlukene ulwelwesi cell. Munye walemisebenti oyinhloko ukuqinisekisa ukwethembeka kwayo yonke isici. Ngaphakathi isakhiwo sikhona, ukwabelana yeseli linezingxenye okuthiwa. Lezi zindawo ivaliwe ngokuthi organelles noma amagumbi. Ngaphakathi kuwo zisekelwa izimo ezithile. Imisebenzi cell ulwelwesi zihlanganisa ukulawulwa exchange phakathi nendawo kanti iseli.

ulwelwesi

Kuyini isakhiwo ulwelwesi cell? Cell ulwelwesi - a bilayer (double) yezinhlayiya we ekilasini lipid. Iningi lazo zimele eziyinkimbinkimbi uhlobo lipids - phospholipids. Ngo-molecule samanje hydrophobic (umsila) kanye hydrophilic (ikhanda) ingxenye. Lapho amangqamuzana omzimba igobolondo, imisila wangaphakathi ikhanda kwakhiwa - kolunye uhlangothi. Ulwelwesi - kuyinto isakhiwo invariabelnye. iseli isilwane bezinhlamvu has a lot of ukufana ne-elementi flora. Ulwelwesi ukujiya - oda 7-8 NM. ungqimba eziphilayo elingaphandle amaseli kuhlanganisa compounds ahlukahlukene proteinaceous: poluintegralnye (komunye umkhawulo afakwa le lipid yangaphandle noma ungqimba kwangaphakathi), ebalulekile (ogcwele) ebusweni (eseduze izinhlangothi engaphakathi noma ekubeni ngaphandle). amaprotheni eziningana is abutting amaphuzu we ulwelwesi kanye ngaphakathi cytoskeleton cell kanye udonga lwangaphandle (uma kukhona). Ezinye uxhumano ebalulekile ukwenza indima iziteshi ion, ezihlukahlukene ezenza futhi abathutha.

umsebenzi Avikelayo

Isakhiwo ulwelwesi cell ngokuyinhloko inquma umsebenzi wayo. Ikakhulukazi, ulwelwesi has a permeability zikhethe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi lokuphuma phambili okumisiwe permeability zishintshe ngokusebenzisa ulwelwesi incike ubukhulu babo, nezakhi ezithile zamakhemikhali, icala kagesi. Umsebenzi oyinhloko eyenziwa olwelwesini cell, elibizwa ngokuthi isithiyo. Ngenxa it is wanikeza abakhethayo yokwenza, yekwentiwa exchange compounds kwemvelo. Ngokwesibonelo, peroxisomes jacket asivikele enobungozi peroxides cytoplasm.

ezokuthutha

Through the yangaphandle cell ungqimba we indaba inguquko. Ngenxa ezokuthutha enikeziwe ukulethwa izakhi, ukuqedwa kwemikhiqizo ekupheleni inqubo exchange, the uketshezi izinto ezihlukahlukene, ukwakheka izithako ionic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingqamuzana walondoloza pH elilungile kanye lokuhlushwa ion ezidingekile enzyme. Uma kudingeka izinhlayiya nganoma yisiphi izizathu, angeke adabule bilayer phospholipids, isibonelo, ngenxa izakhiwo hydrophilic ngoba ulwelwesi kuyinto hydrophobic, noma ngenxa yobukhulu bawo enkulu, bakwazi ukuwela ulwelwesi esebenzisa abathutha ekhethekile (abathutha amaprotheni) ngu endocytosis noma amaprotheni iziteshi. Ngo inqubo yokwenziwa ezokuthutha kwakwakhe ihlolwe olwelwesini amaseli ngaphandle nephumayo amandla okusheshayo phansi umyela okuhlushwa. Omunye okufana le nqubo kubhekwa ukwenza lula ukusebenza. Kulokhu, ketshezi kusiza amaseli ukuwela olwelwesini iyiphi i-molecule ethize. Kungenzeka isiteshi samanje ukuthi uyakwazi okuxhunyanwa uhlobo olulodwa kuphela lomcebo. Ukuze ezokuthutha asebenzayo kudinga amandla. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukuhamba kuleli cala senzeka emuva umyela okuhlushwa. On ulwelwesi kulokhu kukhona ekhethekile amaphampu amaprotheni, kuhlanganise ATPase, okuyinto ngenkuthalo akhishwa phakathi iseli kanye potassium ion, sodium amaphampu.

Okunye imisebenzi

Olwelwesini iseli engikhiphela umsebenzi-matrix. Ngenxa yalokhu, kuba isikhundla mutual ezithile futhi orientation ulwelwesi amaprotheni compounds kanye nokuxhumana yabo elikhulu. Ngenxa umsebenzi mechanical inikezwa yi amaseli ezizimele kanye izakhiwo yangaphakathi, kanye uxhumano kwamanye amangqamuzana. Lokubaluleke kakhulu kulesi simo abamele flora babe izakhiwo udonga. Ezilwaneni, ukuqinisekisa umsebenzi mechanical incike izidakamizwa intercellular. Ulwelwesi usebenza futhi ubhekana nezinselele amandla. Ngo inqubo ye-photosynthesis e chloroplast nokuphefumula kwezimila yeselula e mitochondria e izindonga zabo ivuswe ngu uhlelo ukudlulisa amandla. Kulezi, njengoba kwezinye izimo eziningi, amaphrotheni ezihilelekile. It is njengelinye lamazwe yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu yokwamukela umsebenzi. Ezinye amaprotheni atholakala e ulwelwesi kukhona receptor. Ngenxa la mangqamuzana iseli angamukela lezi noma nezinye izimpawu. Ngokwesibonelo, ama, afundwa ngemithambo yegazi, ithonya kuphela kulawo kuhlose amaseli ukuthi babe receptor elihambisana omunye hormone. Kukhona futhi neurotransmitters. La makhemikhali ukunikeza ukudluliswa ungacabanganga. Baphinde babe isixhumanisi target amaprotheni ethize. izingxenye ulwelwesi ngokuvamile enzyme. Ngakho umsebenzi enzymatic of ulwelwesi cell. I -plasma Ulwelwesi lwamangqamuzana emathunjini amaseli EPITHELIAL samanje compounds wokugaya ukudla. Olwelwesini amaseli elakhiwe futhi biopotentials aphethwe.

I lokuhlushwa ion

Ukusebenzisa ulwelwesi asekelwe okuqukethwe kwangaphakathi ion K + ngesikhathi ephakeme kunaleyo ngaphandle, ezingeni. I lokuhlushwa Na + itsatfwa ngaphansana ngaphandle. Lokhu kubaluleke ngokukhethekile ngoba umehluko ezingaba ngakho enikeziwe odongeni isizukulwane yisifiso emsipheni.

wokugubha

Yethula phezu antigen ulwelwesi, okuyinto isinyathelo njengoba ezinye "izinqamuleli". Ukumaka ikuvumela ukuhlonza cell. Glycoproteins - amaprotheni iboshiwe kubo oligosaccharide branched ohlangothini amaketanga - ukudlala indima "antenna". Njengoba ukucupha ezingenakubalwa amaketanga engemihle ingase ibe iqembu ngalinye lamaseli ukwenza uphawu lwabo. Ngosizo lezi kwenzeka ukuqashelwa ezinye izakhi lokho kuwenza isinyathelo ekhonsathini. Lokhu kwenzeka, isibonelo, ukwakheka kwezicubu eziyishumi nemitshingo. Ngokusho lokhu indlela efanayo wenziwa umsebenzi isimiso sokuzivikela ezifweni ukuba aqaphele antigen angaphandle.

Ukwakheka kanye Ukwakheka

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, cell ulwelwesi aqukethe phospholipids. Nokho, ngaphandle nabo lesi sakhiwo cholesterol samanje futhi glycolipids. I yamuva ayizona lipids iboshiwe nabo carbohydrate. Glyco- futhi phospholipids, ikakhulukazi ezazakhe izindonga esitokisini, yakhiwa 2 eside "imisila" carbohydrate hydrophobic. Zihlotshaniswa hydrophilic, icala "ekhanda". Ngenxa yokuba khona cholesterol ulwelwesi has ezingeni ledzingekako rigidity. Egcekeni ithatha isikhala phakathi hydrophobic imisila lipid, avimbele ukugoba yabo. Kule ndaba, labo ulwelwesi lapho cholesterol kancane, nezimo xaxa futhi ethambile, futhi lapho manje, kunalokho, rigidity mkhulu futhi fragility ezindongeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi sithako uba stop ekuvimbeleni ukuhamba amaseli kuseli molecule polar. Okubaluleke kakhulu ngamaphrotheni ukuthi zingene ulwelwesi kanye banesibopho izakhiwo zalo ezihlukahlukene. Noma ukuthi igobolondo iseli sitshalo kuchazwe ngezithako zawo futhi orientation amaprotheni.

ka lipids annular

Lezi zinto zehlela abasondelene amaprotheni. Nokho, of lipids annular nokulula kakhudlwana futhi kancane ephathekayo. Ngo Ukwakheka yabo iqukethe ama-fatty acid nge ukugcwaliswa ephakeme. Lipids uvela ulwelwesi nge kwakwakhe proteinaceous. Ngaphandle elementi annular ulwelwesi amaprotheni azisebenzi. igobolondo Ngokuvamile engalingani. Ngamanye amazwi, lokhu kusho ukuthi izingqimba abe Ukwakheka ezahlukene lipids. Esikhathini ngaphandle iqukethe ikakhulukazi glycolipids, sphingomyelins, phosphatidylcholine, fosfatidilnozitol. Esikhathini ungqimba engaphakathi samanje fosfatidilnozitol, phosphatidylethanolamine futhi phosphatidylserine. Inguquko komunye ezingeni komunye molecule ethize nzima. Noma kunjalo, kungase kwenzeke angesabi kahle. Lokhu kwenzeka cishe kanye njalo ezinyangeni eziyisithupha. Inguquko ingaphinda kufezeke usebenzisa amaprotheni-Flippase futhi skramblazy. Lapho yangaphandle ungqimba fosatidilserila, ama-macrophage ukuthatha isikhundla zokuzivikela futhi wondla imisebenzi yabo ukubhujiswa cell.

organelles

Lezi izingxenye kungenzeka ivalwe noma olulodwa, banamathele nomunye, ahlukaniswe ulwelwesi hyaloplasm. Odnomembrannymi organelles periksisomy kubhekwe, vacuoles, lysosomes, Golgi apharathasi, reticulum endoplasmic. Ngu dvumembrannym zihlanganisa plastids, mitochondria, i-nucleus. Njengoba for isakhiwo ulwelwesi, organelles ukuthi ube udonga ezahlukene zingafani Ukwakheka amaprotheni lipids.

abakhethayo permeability

Through cell ulwelwesi kancane ekubhebhetselisa okunamafutha nama-amino acid, ama-ion futhi glycerol, glucose. Lapho izindonga ngokwabo ngenkuthalo ikambiso by odlula omunye futhi uyephuza nezinye izinto. Ukuze yokwemukela enkompolo, kukhona ezine indlela eyinhloko kuseli. Lezi zihlanganisa exocytosis endo- noma, ezokuthutha asebenzayo, Osmosis futhi okusheshayo. Eminyakeni emibili abe yokwenziwa futhi ayidingi amandla nezindleko. Kodwa ezimbili zokuqala - zivuliwe. Kubo, amandla kuyadingeka. Ngo ezokuthutha yokwenziwa permeability abakhethayo okubangelwa amaprotheni ebalulekile - iziteshi ekhethekile. Ulwelwesi is ebuswa kubo ngokusebenzisa. Lezi ziteshi akha uhlobo pass. Amaphrotheni zinezinto zazo Cl, Na, K. Ngokuphathelene umyela okuhlushwa, i-molecule ye eyenziwa ukunyakaza izakhi kuseli therefrom. Against ngemuva yokucasuka kukhona nokuvuleka iziteshi sodium ion. Nazo ngokufanayo, baqale ngokushesha bangene kwiseli. Lokhu kuhambisana Ukungadli bezikhali ulwelwesi. Nokho, ngemva eseluleme. Iziteshi potassium ahlale uvulekile ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ion faka iseli ngabo kancane.

Ekuphetheni

Ngezansi imisebenzi short futhi isakhiwo iseli isitshalo. Ithebula futhi liqukethe ulwazi mayelana ukwakheka kanye element begazi.