Umswakama we-Infusoria: isakhiwo nezindlela zokukhiqiza

I-Infusoria isihlangu - ifomu elijwayelekile, elibhekiswe eqenjini le- protozoa. Lihlala emagodini amanzi amile amile anenani elanele lezinto eziphilayo, abazondla ngazo. Ngendlela, ukwakheka kwezicathulo ze-infusoria kubhekwa njengeyinkimbinkimbi kunazo zonke kuleli qembu lezinto eziphilayo.

Izici ezijwayelekile

Umswakama we-Infusoria ungumzimba ongenayo i-unicellular, umumo ofana naso kuphela wengubo futhi ugcinwa ngenxa yecala elingaphandle elincane le-cytoplasm. Umzimba wonke wesilwane ugcwele inombolo enkulu ye-cilia, ehlelwe emigqeni yesikhathi eside. Umsebenzi wabo oyinhloko ukuhamba.

Ishukumisa i-infusoria yejazi ngesiphelo esicacile phambili. I-Cilia ihamba ngokulibaziseka okuncane kunomunye nomunye. Uma uhamba, umzimba ujikeleza eduze kwe-axis.

Phakathi kwe-cilia kukhona okuthiwa ama-trichocysts - ama-organelles amancane, enza umsebenzi wokuvikelwa. I-trichocyst ngayinye inomzimba nethiphu, okukhona lapho kukhona ukucasula (ukushayisana, ukushisa, ukupholisa) ngokushelela.

Isisindo se-Infusoria: isakhiwo

Inqwaba yomzimba ingu-endoplasm, noma ingxenye yomswakama we-cytoplasm. I-ectoplasm isondelene ne-membrane ye-cytoplasmic, inomshini obanzi kakhulu futhi yenza i-pellicle.

Ukugaya. Isihlangu se-infusoria sondla amabhaktheriya futhi sinesimiso esinqunyiwe sokugaya amaselula . Ukusondela komphetho wangaphambili womzimba kungumngcele we-perioral, indawo engaphakathi ehlanganiswe nesistimu eyinkimbinkimbi ye-cilia. Ukunyakaza kwe-cilia kudala ukugeleza, kanye nokuthi yimaphi ama-microorganisms abanjelwa kuwo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlayiya ezinomsoco ziwela ku-pharynx, ephinde ihlanganiswe ne-cilia, futhi kuphela emlonyeni. Ngokuphela kwe-endocytosis, izakhi zifaka ukungena kwe-digestive vacuole. Ukuhlala kutholakala nge-organelle ethize - i-powder.

Izinto zokwelapha. Isisindo se-Infusoria sinama-nuclei amabili-enkulu (i-macronucleus) ne-micronucleus encane. I-micronucleus iqukethe isethi ephelele yolwazi lwezakhi zofuzo futhi iyingxenye ekukhiqizeni ngokocansi kwenyama. I-Macronucleus inesibopho sokuqala kwamaphrotheni ama-protein.

Ukuhlukaniswa nokuphefumula. Umswakama we-Infusoria uyakwazi ukuvela ngisho nasezindaweni eziphansi kakhulu oksijini emanzini. I-oksijeni ibanjwe yonke indawo.

Njengoba sekushiwo kakade, lesi sakhiwo se-protozoan siphila emanzini amasha futhi ngenxa yokuthi umehluko ekugxilweni udinga isimiso se-osmoregulation. I-infusoria ine-vacuoles emibili ye-contractile, i-anterior ne-posterior, ngayinye lapho uhlelo lwe-tubbule oluhlanganiswa luholela khona. Uketshezi okweqile kanye nemikhiqizo yesibili yemetrikhi kuqoqwe ema-tubules kanye nama-vacuoles akhishwe emvelweni. Zombili izitho zomzimba zitholwa ngokunye, njalo imizuzwana engu-15-20.

Ukukhiqizwa kwe-infusoria-shoe

Kulo mzimba kuyisici sokubili ukukhiqiza ngokobulili nokuhlalisana.

Ukukhiqizwa kwama-sexual kwenziwa ngokuhlukaniswa okwehlukile kweseli zibe izingxenye ezimbili ezilinganayo. Kulesi simo, umzimba uhlala usebenza. Okulandelayo kunenqubo elula yokuvuselelwa, lapho ingxenye ngayinye yomzimba igcwalisa ama-organelle adingekayo.

Ubuhlobo bobulili phakathi kwalabo bantu ababili kwenziwa ngokuhlanganiswa. I-Infusoria inamathele okwesikhashana ndawonye, futhi phakathi kwezindawo zabo zakha uhlobo lwebhuloho kusukela ku-cytoplasm. I-Macronuclei kokubili izinto eziphilayo zibhujiswa, futhi ama-nuclei amancane ahlukaniswe yi-meiosis.

Le nsimu yenza ama-nuclei amane aneqoqo le-haploid lama-chromosomes. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezintathu zazo ziyafa, kanti enye esele ihlukaniswe yi-mitosis, eyenza ama-protonuclei amabili-owesilisa nowesilisa. Ama-exchange exchange "male" protonuclei. Khona-ke kulowo nalowo kukhona ukuhlanganiswa kwe-nuclei emibili nokwakhiwa kwe-syncaria. Khona-ke i-mitosis iyadlula, ngemva kwalokho enye ye-nuclei eyenziwe yaba i-macronucleus, futhi eyesibili - i-micronucleus.