Izingxenye zobuchopho nemisebenzi yabo: isakhiwo, izici nezincazelo

Brain - master Regulator of imisebenzi yanoma yimuphi eziphilayo, omunye elementi isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko. Kuze kube manje, ososayensi bezokwelapha ukutadisha izici zobuchopho futhi ivula amathuba entsha Amazing ke. Lena isitho eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ukuthi uhlobanisa umzimba bethu imvelo bangaphandle. izingxenye zobuchopho nemisebenzi yabo elawula zonke izinqubo zokuphila. receptor sangaphandle ukubamba amasignali futhi wazise mayelana ezishukumisa engenayo (ukukhanya, umsindo, ethintekayo kanye nabanye abaningi) kunoma iyiphi ingxenye yobuchopho. Impendulo iza ngokushesha. Kusho ikhanda yethu "processor", kanjalo uyokuqonda kanjani ngaphezulu.

incazelo Jikelele zobuchopho

izingxenye zobuchopho nemisebenzi zabo ukuqondisa ngokugcwele ekuphileni kwethu izinqubo. Ubuchopho bomuntu siqukethe izinzwa 25 bhiliyoni. Le nombolo Amazing amaseli obumba grey ndaba. Brain ihlanganisa amagobolondo eziningana:

• elithambile;
• niqiniswe;
• arachnoid (nakhu ukhiphela utshwala).

Liquor - a cerebrospinal fluid ebuchosheni kudlala indima umvikeli ukushaqeka mfutho ngokumelene yimaphi amandla isiteleka.

Kokubili abesilisa nabesifazane athuthukile ubuchopho ncamashi ngendlela efanayo, nakuba isisindo sayo lihlukile. Okusanda kuxazululwe impikiswano ukuthi isisindo zobuchopho kunendima kwengqondo namakhono bokusungula. Isiphetho ilula - akusiyo. ubuchopho isisindo imayelana 2% isisindo Imininingwane yomuntu. In amadoda, isisindo it in an isilinganiso 1 370 g, futhi abesifazane - 1240, imisebenzi ezifundeni ubuchopho bomuntu athuthukile ejwayelekile kabani zokuziphilisa ancike kuzo. amakhono engqondo kuxhomeke ubuningi ezidalwe ukuxhumana ebuchosheni. Ingqamuzama ngayinye ubuchopho - izinzwa, okudala futhi adlulisele pulses.

Izimbotshana ngaphakathi yobuchopho okuthiwa ventricles. Iminyango ehlukene hamba cranial nezinzwa ngazimbili.

Imisebenzi yobuchopho (Ithebula)

UMnyango ngamunye ebuchosheni uthola umsebenzi. Ithebula elingezansi ubonisa lokhu. Ubuchopho kufana ikhompyutha, wenza kahle imisebenzi yayo, kokwamukela umyalo nezwe.

Imisebenzi yobuchopho, etafuleni kwembula kwendikimba futhi ngokucacile.

Ngezansi sibheka lezi izingxenye zobuchopho kabanzi.

isakhiwo

Kulesi sithombe sikhombisa ukuthi ingqondo. Eliphawuleka kakhulu ingxenye kuhlala ama- cerebral, naphezu kwalokhu, zonke izingxenye zobuchopho nemisebenzi yabo zidlala indima ebalulekile emzimbeni. Kukhona Mnyango ungeminye yeminyango emihlanu esemqoka:

• ukuphela (isisindo Imininingwane kuyinto 80%);
• ezingemuva (kwebhuloho kanye cerebellum);
• Lesisemkhatsini;
• oblong;
• isilinganiso.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo ubuchopho ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezintathu eziyinhloko: stem ubuchopho, cerebellum, hemispheres ezimbili-cerebral palsy.

endbrain

Akunakwenzeka ukuchaza kafushane isakhiwo zobuchopho. Ukuze siqonde izingxenye zobuchopho kanye nemisebenzi yabo, kubalulekile ukufunda isakhiwo yabo eduze.

Telencephalon elisukela engaphelele ukuze ithambo occipital. Lapha sibheka lezi ama- ezimbili cerebral: kwesokunxele bese kwesokudla. Ngakolunye, lo mnyango has abaningi kakhulu sulci futhi gyri. Ukuthuthukiswa isakhiwo zobuchopho eBari ndawonye. Ochwepheshe egqanyisiwe ezintathu izinhlobo uqweqwe:

• lasendulo (s tubercle olfactory, anterior perforated izidakamizwa lunate podmozolistoy podmozolistoy gyrus kanye lateral);
• ubudala (ne gyrus dentate - fascia futhi gippokambom);
• entsha (kuba lonke cortex).

Hemispheric ihlukaniswe inkatho longitudinal Ukujula kwawo isethiwe, futhi Corpus callosum, okuyinto ukuxhuma Nenkabazwe. Ngokusobala Corpus callosum uphahlwe yezinzwa futhi lihlobene neocortex. Isakhiwo ama- kunalokho eyinkimbinkimbi futhi sifana uhlelo multi-level. Kukhona frontal ezahlukene, yesikhashana, parietal futhi occipital Lobe, subcortex futhi cortex. ama- Cerebral wenziwa isibalo esikhulu sezithunjwa imisebenzi. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi Nenkabazwe kwesokunxele wayala kwesokudla somzimba, futhi okuphambene nalokho kwesokudla - kwesokunxele.

uqweqwe

Isendlalelo kobuso ubuchopho - kuyinto amagxolo, it has a ukushuba 3 mm, ihlanganisa Nenkabazwe. Isakhiwo siqukethe mpo ezinzwa nge izinqubo. Ngo cortex aqukethe efferent futhi afferent yezinzwa, futhi neuroglia. izingxenye zobuchopho nemisebenzi yabo ezibhekwa ethebuleni, futhi yileyo uqweqwe? Kuvele isakhiwo ester kokuba Bokuhlela ovundlile. Isakhiwo inezendlalelo eziyisithupha:

• pyramidal yangaphandle;
• luyimbudumbudu yangaphandle;
• particulate kwangaphakathi;
• yamangqamuzana;
• pyramidal yangaphakathi;
• nge fusiform amaseli.

Inkonde ngayinye ifakwe umshini ezahlukene ububanzi, ukuminyana, ukuma izinzwa. izinyanda Kuqondile ka yezinzwa enamathiselwe emagxolweni esihlahla striations mpo. Le ndawo we- cortex cishe 2200 amasentimitha square, inani izinzwa lapha ifinyelela ezigidini eziyizinkulungwane eziyishumi.

izingxenye zobuchopho nemisebenzi yabo: amagxolo

Amagxolo uphatha eziningana imisebenzi ezithile zomzimba. Lobe ngasinye unesibopho imingcele yayo. Cabanga imisebenzi kuboshelwe imininingwane ehhotela Ngini:

• Lobe yesikhashana - ilawula lokuhogela nokuzwa;
• parietal - unesibopho ukunambitheka kanye touch;
• occipital - umbono;
• frontal - ukucabanga eziyinkimbinkimbi, ukunyakaza kanye nenkulumo.

namangqamuzana ezinzwa ngamunye ukuxhumana nabanye izinzwa, kukhona oxhumana ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi (grey ndaba). Yezinzwa - into emhlophe. Ingxenye ethile yobuchopho ihlanganisa. ndaba White kuhlanganisa ezintathu izinhlobo zemicu:

• isixhumanisi associational kwelinye Nenkabazwe ezahlukene ezindaweni cortical;
• Nenkabazwe commissural akuhlanganisileyo;
• Projection ukuxhumana zokwakheka aphansi analyzers endleleni.

Uma ucabangela lokuphatselene nesakhiwo nemsebenti zobuchopho, kubalulekile ukugcizelela indima ndaba grey nomhlophe. kukhona Hemispheric ngaphakathi ganglia basal (grey ndaba), umsebenzi wabo oyinhloko adlulisele ulwazi. Phakathi cerebral uqweqwe futhi basal nuclei elise elimhlophe okuqinile. Kukhona izigaba ezine ezahlukene:

• phakathi anemifantu ku convolutions;
• ezindaweni elingaphandle ama-;
• kufakwe capsule yangaphakathi;
• ise callosum Corpus.

Kutholwe kuyinto into emhlophe kwakhiwa yezinzwa Inthanethi convolutions we amagxolo kusuka izigaba aphansi. nuclei Subcortical yakha ubuchopho subcortical.

Telencephalon - uqondisa zonke imisebenzi ebalulekile zomzimba, kanye namakhono bokusungula.

diencephalon

izingxenye zobuchopho nemisebenzi yabo (ithebula ethulwa ngenhla) zihlanganisa diencephalon. Uma sibheka kabanzi, kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi inezingxenye ventral kanye amaphiko. Ngu hypothalamus ventral kungokwalabo amaphiko - thalamus, metathalamus futhi epithalamus.

Thalamus ungumlamuleli olawula yayikukhumbula etholwe Nenkabazwe. ivamise ukubizwa ngokuthi "hillocks ezibukwayo." Isiza umzimba ukuzivumelanisa ngokushesha yezinguquko imvelo bangaphandle. Thalamus ixhunywe cerebellum nge isimiso semizwelo.

Le ngxenye eliqondisa imisebenzi autonomic. Ithonya iwukusebenzisa isimiso sezinzwa, futhi-ke, nezindlala endocrine. Lawula umsebenzi nezindlala endocrine, ilawula umzimba. Indlala pituitary itholakala ngqo ngaphansi kwalo. It alawule nezinga lokushisa komzimba, zenhliziyo kokudla. Futhi, le ngxenye uqondisa ukudla nokuphuza ukuziphatha kwethu, kulawula sihlale siphapheme futhi ubuthongo.

bakhulise

I obungemuva kuhlanganisa ibhuloho vorgelagerten kanye cerebellum, okuyinto ngemuva. Ngokufunda lokuphatselene nesakhiwo nemsebenti zobuchopho, sihlolisise isakhiwo kwebhuloho: i-amaphiko kobuso cerebellum ihlanganiswa, ventral ethulwa isakhiwo fibrous. Le micu baqondiswa kule engu- umnyango. On ngaphesheya kwebhuloho ngamunye baya phakathi umlenze cerebellar. Uma uyikha phezulu le kwebhuloho sifana uqweqwe roller ezimhlophe engaphezulu oblongata medulla. Izimpande izinzwa e-bulbar ukuphuma endleleni furrow.

Isakhiwo oluvala amasondo ezingemuva: ngezihluthu kwesigaba kuyabonakala ukuthi ngaphambili ilungu ahlukaniswe (elikhulu ventral) kanye posterior (amaphiko ezincane) ingxenye. Phakathi kwabo, umngcele nomzimba trapezoid, Imicu yotshani obukhulu kabani transverse kubhekwe ukuba indlela sokuzwa. Conduction umsebenzi lithembela ngokuphelele emuva zobuchopho.

I cerebellum (ubuchopho kancane)

Ithebula "zobuchopho, isakhiwo, umsebenzi" ibonisa ukuthi cerebellum unesibopho ukudidiyelwa nomzimba ukunyakaza. Lo mnyango itholakala emva kwebhuloho. Cerebellum uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi "ubuchopho ezincane". It ithatha posterior fossa cranial, izembozo okwedayimane. cerebellum ukala kusuka 130 kuya 160, phezulu iyona ama- cerebral, ahlukaniswa slot transverse. Ingxenye engezansi cerebellum kuyinto eseduze oblongata medulla.

Kukhona ama- ezimbili ezihlukene, ephansi, ebusweni engenhla futhi worm. Umngcele phakathi kwabo libizwa igebe ovundlile ezijulile. A sebuningini izimbotshana ezimangelengele ebusweni cerebellum gyrus mncane (ezinamasondo) ngokufanele therebetween. Phakathi anemifantu ngamaqembu Wobble leyabantu tincetu, zifanekisela Ingxenye ye cerebellum (emuva, Klotchkov-nodular, phambili).

Cerebellum iqukethe kokubili ndaba grey nomhlophe. Mpunga ezithathwe azungeze, yakha uqweqwe ne izinzwa ezinto ipheya emise, futhi ungqimba luyimbudumbudu. Ngaphansi uqweqwe kukhona into emhlophe ukuthi lingena gyrus. Endabeni ezimhlophe kukhona amabala grey (enkabeni yalo). Emongweni kobuhlobo obunjalo liyafana esihlahleni. Labo abalaziyo isakhiwo ubuchopho bomuntu, neminyango yayo umsebenzi, impendulo elula, ukuthi cerebellum - kusebentisana silawule umzimba wethu ukunyakaza.

ubuchopho obuphakathi

I ubuchopho obuphakathi itholakala engxenyeni anterior kwebhuloho bese uya izidumbu papillary, kanye ipheshana optic. Kukhona inqwaba okuphawulekayo nuclei, ababiziweyo colliculus. Sakhiwo umsebenzi zobuchopho (Ithebula) zibonisa ukuthi lo mnyango unesibopho umbono esithekileyo, orienting reflex, kunikeza orientation ingqondo ezintweni ezibukwayo futhi sokuzwa, futhi isekela ithoni kwemisipha yomzimba womuntu.

Medulla: ingxenye stem

Medulla - a ukunweba engokwemvelo emgogodleni. Yingakho isakhiwo has a kuningi abafana ngakho. Ikakhulukazi kuyacaca uma sicabanga ngale ndaba ezimhlophe ngokuningiliziwe. Mela yezinzwa yayo lamafisha. Ngendlela owethulwe lapha nuclei grey ndaba. izingxenye zobuchopho nemisebenzi yabo (ithebula eboniswe ngenhla) ibonisa ukuthi oblongata medulla uphatha silinganisela, ukuhlobanisa izinto, ulawula umzimba, kuholela okumelwe uphefumule futhi ukhulume kwegazi. Libuye obhekene ikhaliphe ezibalulekile zomzimba wethu, njenge sneezing futhi ukhwehlela, ukuhlanza.

Isiqu ubuchopho luhlukaniswe ingemuva kanye ubuchopho obuphakathi. Isiqu sawo ibizwa ngokuthi medium, eside, ibhuloho futhi ephakathi. Isakhiwo ke - ukwehla futhi inyuka izindlela yokuxhuma umgqomo nge emgogodleni kanye nobuchopho. Kule ngxenye ukugadwa ngoba kwenhliziyo, ukuphefumula, inkulumo abakhuluma kahle.