Ngobani Zyrians: izici, imisuka, amaqembu ezizwe, futhi amaqiniso athakazelisayo

Russia - umbuso elixube, okuyinto elihlanganiswe umnqopho ofanako futhi umlando ngamakhulu ezilimi Amaqembu ezizwe. Isizathu salokhu kwaba inqubo cishe okuqhubekayo zokujoyina ka emasimini amasha phakathi ukubunjwa nokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlangano isimo Russian. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyiqiniso ezindaweni ezintsha, njengoba ejwayelekile ezimweni eziningi senzeka ngokuzithandela.

Ngobani Zyryanov (Komi)? abantu Cishe 300000th abahlala Western eSiberia, Northern naseMpumalanga Yurophu. Ezemfundo Ethnic ihlukile ungubani kwezilimi namasiko, amasiko awo, futhi isiko ahlukile. Ngesizathu esihle babizwa ngokuthi "abantu baseMelika Russian" noma "amaJuda North."

Ukuhlukahlukana ngokobuhlanga Russian

ukwehluka yohlanga kwamasiko eRussia ibangelwa inhlanganisela okuthiwa abantu bomdabu (sabantu ezihlala ezindaweni ezithile ngaphambi kokufika kwabokufika), abantu abavela emazweni angomakhelwane Union Republics (Ukraine, Belarusians, Armenia, naseLithuania, nokunye. D.) Futhi ngamaqembu amancane amaqembu ezizwe, e iningi abahlala ngaphandle Russia (baseHungary, amaCzech namaRomany, Vietnamese, namaSerbia, abase-Asiriya kwathi abanye). Yiqiniso, iqembu okucebile ezinkulu abantu Bomdabu.

Mfushane Zyryanov: bangobani?

Kuyini Zyrians? Okuningi ngokunembile ukuthi angobani? Zyryanov ngokuthi imfundo yobuhlanga, okuyinto kuze kube yilolu suku uzigcinile inombolo iphansana engxenyeni kazwelonke we Russian Federation. Kufika 1917 kwaba lesisizwe wema nendawo ephambili phakathi abantu bomdabu isimo isiRashiya, imfundo yabo kwaba yesibili kuphela kumaJuda, futhi ibhizinisi namasiko zyryan kahle esihlukile kwezinye izizwe Slavic. Ngesikhathi esifanayo labantu Uphinde abhekwe isiRashiya, t. E. abomdabu basezifundeni Russia. Belingana ukuthi, njengoba kuboniswe kakade, zyryan ngokuthi 'amaJuda laseNyakatho "noma" AmaMelika Russian ".

Izindawo kanye nenani bezizwe

Ngobani Zyrians, akunakwenzeka ukucacisa ubuqotho, ngaphandle kokucabangela inombolo yabo futhi indawo zokuhlala. Lezi zici nomthelela kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni imfundo ezinhlanga jikelele: kancane kancane a abantu abambalwa zifa, kusale kuphela ikhasi emlandweni futhi indawo ohlala kuncike empilweni sabantu. Ngokombiko wezindaba noKarla Marksa yena, inquma ukwazi, isiko jikelele abantu.

Namuhla inani eliphelele zyryan eduze nabantu ezincane emhlabeni wonke sifinyelela ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane 400. Man. Inombolo kakhulu kubo manje zihlala ezindaweni lapho sengathi Zyrians kuqala, okusho. E. ERussia. Wathola iqembu elincane abantu (nje phezu 1,500) ezilotshwe Ukraine.

Uma sikhuluma amalungu okuqala imfundo yobuhlanga, inani zyryan ezinkathini ezihlukahlukene ukuthuthukiswa komlando thembeke ezaziwayo. Believe imithombo ebhalwe bezikhathi zasendulo, yebo, konke okusemandleni kodwa futhi uyazi ukuthi ngokuvamile ulwazi olungamanga itholakala kuzo. Mayelana Zyryanov efanayo futhi engashiwongo encwadini yezindaba zemihla ngemihla kanye namanye amadokhumenti kuze 1865, lapho yanyatheliswa, "uhlu alfabhethi lezizwe abahlala uMbuso Russian."

Obani abakhuluma lezi Zyryanov (ngisho ke labantu lalihlukene e besizwe ehlukile) futhi yini inombolo yabo kwezinye izindawo izizwe abahlala Russia engxenyeni kwekhulu XIX kwesibili, kushiwo kulo mthombo.

Ngokwe- "uhlu ngokulandelana kwezinhlamvu zamagama wezizwe ..." Zyrians babe yizinkulungwane 120. Man. Bona wahlala ikakhulukazi izifunda ezincane Arkhangelsk, Perm futhi Vologda. ). Isifunda isiphetho zyryan gama lasendulo Arimaspeya (encwadini igama elifanayo ebhalwe omunye wabalobi ngezikhwepha yaseGrisi yasendulo, kodwa kulo mthombo zomlando, ngeshwa, akazange ezisekhona kuze kube izinsuku zethu - uma kungenjalo kungenzeka ukuthi idokhumenti ongayiqala ingxenye enkulu emlandweni zyryan lasendulo ).

Olubanzi ngaphambilini Zyrians abantu uyafa namuhla, ngisho inkumbulo ethnos nhlobo iyiphi sobala nokuthi kwakunendlela eyodwa isiko okungase isinxephezelo ngenxa yokungabikhona kolwazi zomlando.

Anthropology nofuzo kwabangaphezu abantu

Ngesikhathi, lapho yanyatheliswa, "uhlu alfabhethi wezizwe ..." ku "Brockhaus futhi Efron encyclopedic Dictionary" ichaza indlela abamele amaqembu ezinhlanga: Zyrians namuhla (okusho kokuphela XIX - ekuqaleni XX leminyaka) kuhluke umthethosisekelo eqinile. Bona bangabezwe; ukuphakama medium, ne kakhulu izinwele ezimnyama futhi konsundu noma amehlo grey. Okude abantu ezimhlophe onamehlo aluhlaza ezingajwayelekile phakathi Zyrians abantu.

ukubukeka yawo asikisela ukuthi (abameleli kanye wanamuhla yisho uhlanga lwakho) zyryan kuhluke impilo enhle namandla okukhuthazela.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo ubuchopho isilinganiso zyryan ngaphezulu lwamaSlav ubuchopho 20-30 amagremu. Yayaziwa phambi inguquko, umthombo ulwazi - "Brockhaus futhi Efron encyclopedic Dictionary", eyanyatheliswa ngo-1890-1907, ngokulandelana. I zyryan Izindawo njalo kwadingeka eziningi izikole nemitapo yezincwadi, kuka kwezinye izifunda of the North Russian. Futhi wahlanganyela reindeer ezaziphila ngokufuya, nokuzingela nokudoba, ukulima. "Ngo Zikanembeza" ukuthuthukiswa zyryan eSiberia neMpumalanga Ekude. Yibo labo eyenziwa iningi ukuhweba phakathi eSiberia futhi eMoscow.

Ethnic umlando zyryan

Njengoba sekushiwo, isikhathi sethu has a imithombo ambalwa anganikeza impendulo eningiliziwe eziningi izinkinga. Ngobani Zyrians eqinisweni, ayebonakala ukuthi avelele imfundo yobuhlanga emazingeni ahlukahlukeneko wendlela umlando - singakwazi kuphela ukuqagela, ebhekisela amanqampunqampu emfushane imithombo ehlukahlukene okubhaliwe zomlando.

It is ukuthi Zyrians lokuqala owakhiwe loMfula iVolga (at confluence we Oka kanye Kama) lesibili BC leminyaka ezaziwayo. Ngandlela-thile kamuva ke eseqala Izindawo lezizwe enyakatho, futhi IV-VIII eminyaka. n. e. Bona owakhiwe insimu yalapho inzalo yabo yokuphila namuhla. Kamuva Zyrians lokuqala bashintsha amandla Novgorod kwamandla eMoscow.

Ngekhulu XVIII ukuqedela esiteji kumiswa imfundo yobuhlanga. Qala iBhodi State semfundo kuyadingeka ngesikhathi USSR, i esifundeni ezimele Komi (Zyrian) kwakheka ngo-1926. Ngaleso sikhathi, i-USSR wahlala kancane ezingaphezu kuka-200 eziyinkulungwane. Zyrians abamele abantu. Republic zyryan izinguquko zabhekana eziningana esisemthethweni esikhathini kusuka 1926 kuya 1992. Kuze kube manje, wengxenye Russian yesifunda ngaphansi kwegama weRiphabhulikhi Komi.

Isiko Komi ubuzwe

ukusatshalaliswa kwenqwaba phakathi zyryan kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo kwadingeka yezandla Woodworking. Lena okuhlobene umdwebo bese art ezitsheni ukuthi kuwuphawu lwezenzakalo isiko Zyrian (Komi). izinhlobo ezivamile ngenalithi ngokwesiko kwaba ihlanganisa futhi efekethisiwe. Uhlobo unaka kakhulu kwendabuko. Temdzabu ngokuyinhloko afana isiko Russian.

Komi-Zyrian ulimi

Umama ulimi ubuzwe Zyrians - Komi-Zyryan - kungokwalabo Finno-Ugric ulimi umkhaya futhi ihlukaniswe yaba imixhantela eminingi. Ngolimi lwanamuhla Russian bomdabu Komi-Zyrian ngokuthi 1560 nje izinkulungwane. Abamele isizwe, okuyinto cishe kwesigamu sabantu bezwe jikelele isamba Komi-Zyrian.

Idlanzana abameleli imfundo yobuhlanga inquma ulimi Komi-Zyrian bomdabu Ukraine (4 th. Abantu) futhi Kazakhstan (1.5 THS.).

Umsuka amagama abantu

Umsuka kwegama "Zyrians" namanje neze ecacile. Kunemibono eminingana mayelana umsuka ethnonym:

• kusukela isenzo Russian "zyrit" noma "Zira", okusho ukuthi "ukuphuza ngokweqile";
• version ozwakalayo kakhulu - kusuka igama eliyisenzo elithi "zyrny" - "isixuku ngaphandle", okusho Zyrians ngokoqobo ". axoshwe abanye abantu" .;
• ), т. е. “народ, опивающийся национальным напитком”; kusukela gama lasendulo likabhiya ( "Sur"), okusho ukuthi, "abantu, opivayuschiysya isiphuzo kazwelonke" ..;
• obschepermskogo ngu "Sarah" - indoda (zomlando ziphakamisa ukuthi uma bazibize Zyrians suryane, syryane, njll ...).

Ngokuqondene ezizathwini ozwakalayo mayelana umsuka ethnonym, ibuye kuqinisekiswa yokuthi Zyryanov ngokuthi i Komi kazwelonke Finns. Ngolimi lwabo igama lisho "borderlands" futhi "Perm" - "ezweni elikude". Uqinisile Komi abahlala esifundeni Perm, baqala ukubiza Zyryanov. Namuhla, ososayensi ukwabelana Komi-Zyrian futhi Komi-Perm.

Nge isihloko "Komi" isimo esicacile ngaphezulu. Ubhekwa phakathi umphakathi yezesayensi ukuthi kwakukhona Igama Kama komfula (ie, ngokwezwi nezwi okusho "indoda ohlala loMfula Kama" ..) Noma kusuka prapermskogo "com" - ". Indoda, indoda"

Komi noma Zyrians: kanjani?

Sabalalisa isimangalo sokuthi Zyrians futhi Komi - lokhu ingenye futhi labo bantu. Eqinisweni, indlela okuyiyo, kodwa ngisho lapha ungathola ezinye ukuphikisana. Zyryanov - lena eyodwa kuphela uhlobo Komi yobuhlanga, kukhona izizwe efanayo (Permian, isibonelo).

Kokunye yezindaba zemihla ngemihla ngezikhathi Rus sidilizwa igama elilodwa elincane uhlanga wathutha bonke abantu abahlala eSiberia. Ethnonym igxilile eminyaka futhi kwakungekho ukudideka. Namuhla ubulungiswa zomlando ibuyiselwe futhi bafaka igama kwakuqala kwegama ezivamile "Komi", kodwa esikhathini esidlule bathi babizwe Zyrians.

Lapho abamele abantu abaphila namuhla?

Namuhla, inombolo Komi-Zyrian eRussia ngokulambisa sifinyelela ayizinkulungwane 200. Man. Zyrians Modern ngokwesiko lihlale endaweni weRiphabhulikhi Komi. Ukwakheka yobuhlanga weRiphabhulikhi bakha 23,7% labantu (65% - Russian), iningi labo liphila ezindaweni ezisemakhaya.

amaqembu amancane bezizwe abahlala Murmansk, Kirov, Omsk, Arkhangelsk nezinye izifunda Russian. Vala Zyrians kumiswa yobuhlanga (Komi Permiaks) bagxila Perm esifundeni.

Inombolo bezizwe ngokushesha ekunqabeni ezimweni yesimanje. Uma kukholamu ubuzwe ngo-2002 "Komi abantu" wabonisa ayizinkulungwane 293. Labantu isiRashiya, kanti ngo-2010 lesi sibalo okuhambisanayo kwaba abantu abayizinkulungwane 228. Zyryanov (Komi) kukhona abantu ezisengcupheni yeRussia.