Kumiswa, Isayensi

Namachibi eziphilayo. ukusabela Redox: Izibonelo

Ngaphandle kwemithombo yamandla abakwazi khona eyodwa ephilayo nenhlalakahle. Phela, zonke ukusabela zamakhemikhali, iyiphi inqubo adinga khona yayo. Noma yimuphi umuntu kalula futhi ukuwuzwa. Uma usuku lonke ukuze adle ukudla, kamuva kwaba kusihlwa, futhi mhlawumbe ngaphambili, kukhuphuke izimpawu ukukhathala uqale, ubuthakathaka, amandla ziyancipha kakhulu.

Pho-ke, izinto eziphilayo ngendlela ehlukile baye bazivumelanisa ukukhiqizwa energy? Kwenzeka kuphi nokuthi yini izinqubo kwenzeke ngesikhathi esifanayo ngaphakathi yezinyoni? Zama ukuqonda lesi sihloko.

Ithola amandla eziphilayo

Nomaphi lapho eya kungekho amandla ukucwila, ngesisekelo njalo amanga OVR (ukusabela redox). Izibonelo zihlukile. equation ye-photosynthesis, okuyinto eyenziwa ka ezitshalweni eziluhlaza ezinye amagciwane - liphinde OVR. Ngokwemvelo, inqubo kuzohluka kuncike hlobo luni ophilayo ehloselwe.

Ngakho, zonke izilwane - ke heterotrophs. Okuyi anjengawengxibongo okuyinto abakwazi yedwa ukwakha ngaphakathi ngokwayo isilungele okwengeziwe organic compounds kanye cleavage yabo Ukukhululwa amandla izibopho zamakhemikhali.

Izitshalo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona umkhiqizi esinamandla kunazo udaba eziphilayo eplanethini yethu. Zifeza inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi futhi ebalulekile okuthiwa i-photosynthesis, okuyinto kumiswa glucose ngamanzi, carbon dioxide bedle izidakamizwa ezikhethekile - chlorophyll. A-mkhiqizo mpilo, ungumthombo wokuphila ngoba bonke abaphilayo nezidalwa aerobic.

ukusabela Redox, izibonelo zalo ezingenakususwa kutjengiswe inqubo:

  • 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O = chlorophyll = C 6 H 10 O 6 + 6O 2;

noma

  • carbon dioxide + hydrogen oxide bedle lo mbala chlorophyll (enzyme ukuphendula) + = monosaccharide mpilo yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo.

Futhi, kukhona abamele biomass planethi abakwaziyo ukusebenzisa amandla izibopho zamakhemikhali compounds wezinto ezingaphili. Zibizwa ngokuthi chemotroph. Lezi zihlanganisa izinhlobo eziningi zama-bacterium. Ngokwesibonelo, nezilwanyana ezincane kukhona hydrogen, oxidizing molecule substrate enhlabathini. Inqubo kwenzeka ngokuvumelana ifomula: 2H 2 0 2 = 2H 2 0.

Umlando ukuthuthukiswa ulwazi mayelana namachibi yemvelo

Inqubo okungukuthi ngesisekelo ukhandla, namuhla eyaziwa. Lokhu namachibi begazi. Biochemistry njengoba ukutadishwa imininingwane futhi izindlela izinyathelo ukuthi nezimfumbe zicishe zakhubeka. Nokho, kwakungelula ngaso sonke isikhathi.

Lapho kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala yokuthi ngaphakathi eziphilayo ababhekene kugucuka eziyinkimbinkimbi, okuyizakhi ubunjalo zamakhemikhali, kwakukhona cishe ngekhulu XVIII. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi, Antuan Lavuaze, usokhemisi odumile isiFulentshi, wamnaka indlela efana namachibi begazi futhi amandla omlilo. Walandela indlela okuyisibonelo lapho ukuphefumula umoya-mpilo ugxile futhi waphetha ngokuthi kwenzeke phakathi nomzimba we namachibi izinqubo, kodwa kancane kuka ngaphandle ngesikhathi omlilo of izinto ezahlukene. Okungukuthi, abangabantwana oxidizer - izinhlayiya zomoya-mpilo - kuthiwa wasithukuthelela organic compounds, futhi ikakhulukazi, ne-hydrogen ne-carbon kuzo, nokuguqulwa ephelele, ephelezelwa noqhekeko zezakhi.

Nokho, nakuba le nokucabanga elibalulekile ngempela ngempela, wahlala ukufihla izinto eziningi. Ngokwesibonelo:

  • isikhathi izinqubo zifana, kanye nemibandela ukugeleza kufanele lifane, kodwa namachibi okuphuma ezingeni lokushisa emzimbeni ongaphakeme;
  • senzo ephelezelwa ukukhululwa amanani omkhulu ukushisa amandla kanye nokwakhiwa ilangabi senzeka;
  • e izidalwa eziphilayo engengaphansi kwengu-75-80% wamanzi, kodwa akuvimbeli "evutha" umsoco kubo.

Ukuze siphendule yonke le mibuzo kanye ukuqonda ukuthi yini ngempela namachibi begazi, kwakudingeka ngaphezu konyaka owodwa.

Kunemibono ehlukene okuyinto ibeke ukubaluleka inqubo-mpilo ne-hydrogen. Okuvame kakhulu kanti impumelelo kwakuyilawa:

  • ithiyori Bach sika, okuthiwa peroxide;
  • ithiyori Palladin, esekelwe umqondo ezifana "chromogens".

Kamuva kwakukhona ososayensi abaningi eRussia nakwamanye amazwe emhlabeni, okuyinto kancane kancane enze okwengeziwe futhi izinguquko umbuzo uyini namachibi begazi. Biochemistry namuhla, ngenxa yomsebenzi wabo, ingakutshela ngamunye inqubo ukuphendula. Phakathi kwamagama edume kakhulu kulo mkhakha okulandelayo:

  • Mitchell;
  • SV Severin;
  • Warburg;
  • VA Belitser;
  • Lehninger;
  • VP Skulachev;
  • Krebs;
  • green;
  • V. A. Engelgardt;
  • Kaylin nabanye.

Izinhlobo namachibi yemvelo

izinhlobo ezimbili eziyisisekelo ungabahlukanisa yenqubo okwenzeka ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukahlukene. Ngakho, okuvame kakhulu izinhlobo eziningi nezilwanyana ezincane kanye isikhunta indlela ukuguqula ukudla okuholela - the anaerobic. Lokhu namachibi yemvelo, okuyinto eyenziwa ngaphandle oksijini futhi ngaphandle ukubandakanyeka kwakhe nganoma iyiphi indlela. Izimo ezinjalo zidalwe ezindaweni lapho kungekho khona ukufinyelela air: komhlaba, ezibolile substrata, silts, Clays, amaxhaphozi agcwele ngisho emkhathini.

Lolu hlobo lwe-namachibi has elinye igama - glycolysis. Libuye esinye sezinyathelo inkiyankiya yenkinga ngaphezulu isikhathi, kodwa bazisa ocebile - uvusa kwezimila aerobic noma izicubu. Lona uhlobo inqubo yesibili. Senzeka zonke eziphilayo aerobic nezidalwa-heterotrophs, asebenzisa i-oksijini ukuze kwezimila.

Ngakho, lezi zinhlobo namachibi begazi.

  1. Glycolysis, endleleni anaerobic. Akudingi khona oksijini iphela izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokubusa ngesimiso lwezithelo olubangela ukubila.
  2. Izicubu kwezimila (oxidative phosphorylation), noma uhlobo aerobic. Kudinga khona oyisibopho-mpilo yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo.

Abalingisi

Thina manje bazibheke izici ngqo equkethe namachibi begazi. Chaza zezakhi eziyisisekelo kanye izifinyezo zabo, okuyinto uzoqhubeka usebenzise.

  1. Acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) - ukufingqa oxalic acid kanye acetic acid, coenzyme, kwakheka okuyinto esinyathelweni lokuqala tricarboxylic acid umjikelezo.
  2. Krebs umjikelezo (citric acid umjikelezo, tricarboxylic acid) - eziningana elandelanayo eziyinkimbinkimbi redox kugucuka ezihilela ukukhululwa kwe amandla, i-hydrogen ukunciphisa, ukwakheka ezibalulekile ongaphakeme yamangqamuzana imikhiqizo isisindo. Kuyinto main isixhumanisi catalyze futhi anabolism.
  3. Nad futhi nad * H - enzyme dehydrogenase, nicotinamide dinucleotide adenine ihambisane imele. Eyesibili ifomula - molecule nge-hydrogen enamathiselwe. NADP - phosphate nikotinamidadenindinukletid.
  4. Mkhuba kanye mkhuba * H - flavin adenine ihambisane dinucleotide - coenzyme dehydrogenase.
  5. ATP - triphosphate adenosine.
  6. PVK - pyruvic acid noma pyruvate.
  7. Succinate noma succinic acid, H 3 PO 4 - wali band acid.
  8. GTP - triphosphate guanosine, isigaba purine nucleotide.
  9. NJLL - iketango electron ezokuthutha.
  10. Enzyme inqubo: peroxidase, oxygenase, cytochrome oxidase, flavin dehydrogenase, coenzymes ahlukahlukene nezinye izingxube zamakhemikhali.

Zonke lezi zakhi abahileleke ngokuqondile inqubo namachibi okwenzeka emisipheni (amaseli) yezinto eziphilayo.

Esiteji namachibi yemvelo: Ithebula

esigabeni Izinqubo nokubaluleka
glycolysis Ingqikithi inqubo itholakala anoxic ukugaya monosaccharides obulandela inqubo cell kwezimila futhi kuhambisana kukhululwa amandla, ilingana ezimbili molecule ATP. Pyruvate nayo kukhiqizwa. Lokhu kuyisinyathelo sokuqala nganoma yisiphi heterotrophs eziphilayo. Inani kumiswa STC, okuyinto yanikezwa cristae mitochondrial kanye substrate for izicubu-mpilo ngu namachibi. Ngo glycolysis anaerobic okuyokwenzeka ngemva ukuvutshelwa izinqubo ezinhlobo ezehlukene.
I namachibi of pyruvate Le nqubo ukuguqula STC imiswe phakathi glycolysis, ukuze acetyl-CoA. It wenziwa ngosizo enzyme ezikhethekile pyruvate eziyinkimbinkimbi dehydrogenase. Umphumela - cetyl-CoA amangqamuzana, okuyinto ungene umjikelezo Krebs. Inqubo efanayo wenziwa ukubuyisela nad NADH. Indawo kwasendaweni - crista mitochondria.
Ukuwa acid beta-okunamafutha Le nqubo ibizwa eyenziwa parallel owedlule Christie mitochondria. Ingqikithi yalo iwukuba kabusha yonke acid okunamafutha ukuze acetyl-CoA wakufaka umjikelezo citric acid. Nakuba futhi uyalulama NADH.
Krebs umjikelezo

Luqala ngokunikela ukuguqulwa acetyl-CoA ku acid citric, okuyinto asitholayo kugucuka olwengeziwe. Esinye sezinyathelo ezibaluleke kakhulu ehlanganisa namachibi begazi. Le asidi asitholayo:

  • dehydrogenation;
  • decarboxylation;
  • ukuvuselelwa.

inqubo ngamunye wenziwa izikhathi eziningana. Umphumela: GTP, isikhutha encishisiwe ifomu NADH futhi FADH 2. Ngakho enzyme biooxidation ise mitochondrial-matrix izinhlayiya ngokukhululekile.

oxidative phosphorylation

Lona isinyathelo sokugcina ukuguqulwa compounds eziphilayo eukaryotic. Ngakho kukhona noshintsho Adp ku ATP. Amandla adingekayo kule esithathwayo ngesikhathi namachibi yezinhlayiya ka NADH futhi FADH 2 ukuthi Kwakhiwa izigaba odlule. Ngu ukuhwebelana ezilandelanayo NJLL kanye nokuncipha amandla ezingaba kwenzeka ekuphetheni amandla-ocebile ATP zokuxhumana.

Lezi zonke izinqubo ahambisana namachibi begazi ezihilela umoya-mpilo. Ngokwemvelo, kungukuthi kuchazwe ngokuphelele, kodwa emvelo, njengoba i-incazelo eningiliziwe kudingeka sonke isahluko esithile sale ncwadi. Zonke izinqubo kwamakhemikhali eziphilayo kakhulu yehlukene kaningi okubalwa futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Redox ukuphendula inqubo

ukusabela Redox, izibonelo zalo ezingenakususwa substrate namachibi izinqubo ezichazwe ngenhla kuboniswe zimi kanje.

  1. Glycolysis: monosaccharide (glucose) + 2NAD + = 2ADF 2PVK 2ATF + 4H + O 2 + 2H + NADH.
  2. Namachibi of pyruvate: enzyme = STC + carbon dioxide + acetaldehyde. Khona-ke isinyathelo esilandelayo: Acetaldehyde + coenzyme A = acetyl-CoA.
  3. A sebuningini kugucuka ezilandelanayo of citric acid emjikelezweni Krebs.

Lezi ukusabela redox okwaboniswa ngenhla, ezibonisa okushiwo izinqubo kuphela ngokuya jikelele. Kuyaziwa ukuthi zezakhi okukhulunywa zimayelana macromolecular noma kokuba carbon skeleton ezinkulu, ngakho ukuyichazela zonke ifomula ephelele akunakwenzeka.

Amandla ekhishwa kwezimila izicubu

Ngokusho incazelo ngenhla kuyacaca ukuthi ukubala okukhipha okuphelele kwazo zonke energy of namachibi kulula.

  1. molecule amabili ATP unika glycolysis.
  2. Namachibi of pyruvate 12 ATP molecule.
  3. 22 akhawunti-molecule ye-tricarboxylic acid umjikelezo.

Inani eliphansi: Imininingwane namachibi aerobic yemvelo ngendlela enikeza energy isivuno elilingana molecule 36 ka ATP. Okusho biooxidation sobala. Kuyinto lokhu wamandla asetshenziswa eziphilayo ukuphila futhi umsebenzi ophilayo, kanye ukuxoxa isidumbu sakhe, ukunyakaza kanye nezinye izinto ezidingekayo.

Substrate namachibi anaerobic

Eyesibili uhlobo namachibi yemvelo - the anaerobic. Lokho nguye Kwenziwa ngaso sonke, kodwa lapho eyeka izinhlobo ezithile nezilwanyana ezincane. It glycolysis, futhi kulapha lapho umehluko zibonakala ngokucacile kule ukuguqulwa ikusasa izinto phakathi aerobic kanye anaerobic.

Biological namachibi isinyathelo ngale ndlela eziningi.

  1. Glycolysis, okusho namachibi glucose molecule ukuze pyruvate.
  2. Ukuvutshelwa, okuholela ukukhishwa ATP.

Ukuvutshelwa kungaba ezinhlobo ezahlukene, kuya ngokuthi umzimba, kwetfula yayo.

ukuvutshelwa acidosis

Eyenziwa acidosis acid amagciwane futhi abanye isikhunta. Ingqikithi Iwukubuyisela PVC ukuze acidosis acid. Le nqubo isetshenziswa umkhakha ukukhiqiza:

  • imikhiqizo yobisi;
  • imifino pickled nezithelo;
  • silage izilwane.

Lolu hlobo lwe-ukuvutshelwa ingenye kakhulu elisetshenziswa izidingo zomuntu.

ukuvutshelwa oludakayo

abantu ezaziwa kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Ingqikithi yalo nqubo ukuguqula STC ku ezimbili molecule ethanol futhi ezimbili-carbon dioxide. Ngalesi ophumayo umkhiqizo, lolu hlobo ukuvutshelwa ezisetshenziswa emasimini ukukhiqiza ukudla:

  • isinkwa;
  • iwayini;
  • ubhiya;
  • confectionery kanye nezinye izinto.

Feza amakhowe akhe imvubelo kanye nezilwanyana ezincane virus.

icwecwe ukuvutshelwa acid

Engingakusho uhlobo esinda ezithile lwezithelo olubangela ukubila. amagciwane athwalwa bohlobo lwe-Clostridium. Ingqikithi liqukethe ukuguquka pyruvate ku udwi otshekele kwesokunxele, ecobelela amaphunga ukudla ukunambitheka Rancid.

Ngakho-ke biooxidation ukuphendula uya kule endleleni, is cishe esetshenziswa umkhakha. Nokho, la magciwane kudla self-seeded kanye nokulimala, ukwehlisa izinga yabo.

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