Kwezimila yeselula ne-photosynthesis. Aerobic kwezimila yeselula

Photosynthesis nokuphefumula kwezimila - izinqubo ezimbili ezilawula ukuphila. Bobabili zenzeka kuseli. Eyokuqala - ezikulesi simila futhi abanye webhaktheriya, kwesibili - futhi isilwane futhi ngezitshalo nangezilwane fungal, kanye virus.

Singasho ukuthi kwezimila amaselula kanye photosynthesis - izinqubo kuyaphikisana. Ngokwengxenye, lokhu ilungile, ngoba i-oksijini wokuqala ugxile futhi wadedelwa -carbon dioxide, futhi okwesibili - kunalokho. Nokho, lezi zinhlelo ezimbili kahle ophawule wathi akumele kuqhathaniswe njengoba zenzeka organelles ezahlukene besebenzisa izinto ezahlukene. Ngezinhloso bayadingeka okuyiwona, futhi, zihlukile: photosynthesis idinga i izakhi, nokuphefumula kwezimila yeselula - amandla.

Photosynthesis: kuphi futhi lokhu kwenzeka kanjani?

Cishe le ndlela yokusabela chemical okuhloswe ngazo ukuthola izinto eziphilayo ukusuka wezinto ezingaphili. Imfuneko kuba phambi ukugeleza photosynthesis elangeni, njengoba amandla ayo uba kulethe.

Photosynthesis sici isitshalo, ungaboniswa ezothando elandelayo:

• 6SO ₂ + 6H ₂ O = C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ + ₂ 6D.

Okungukuthi, carbon dioxide molecule eziyisithupha futhi inani elifanayo amanzi-molecule e-khona ukukhanya kwelanga isitshalo ingathola eyodwa molecule glucose ne eziyisithupha-mpilo.

Lena isibonelo elula ye-photosynthesis. Futhi glucose nezinye kungenziwa kuhlelwe izitshalo, ama-carbohydrate eziyinkimbinkimbi, kanye nezinto eziphilayo kusuka kwamanye amakilasi.

Nasi isibonelo se-kwama-amino acid compounds wezinto ezingaphili:

• 6SO ₂ + 4H ₂ O + 2SO ₄ ^2- + 2NO ₃ ^- + 6H ⁺ = 2C ₃ H ₇ O ₂ NS + ₂ = 13 °.

Njengoba singabona, amangqamuzana omoya eziyisithupha -carbon dioxide, i-molecule ezine ngamanzi, ezimbili sulfate ion, nitrate ion, ezimbili kuya kweziyisithupha ion hydrogen sisebenzisa amandla elanga ingatholakala ezimbili molecule cysteine nantathu - umoya-mpilo.

inqubo photosynthesis yenzeka organelles ekhethekile - chloroplast. Zinemilayezo chlorophyll, okuyinto uba kulethe zamakhemikhali. Lezi organelles atholakala kuphela plant cells.

Isakhiwo chloroplast

Lokhu organelle, okuyinto has simise side ibhola. usayizi chloroplast ngokuvamile 4-6 microns, kodwa amanye amaseli ulwelwe kungatholakala plastids giant - chromatophores, ogama sayizi microns 50.

Lokhu kusho ukusebenzisa iZwi dvuhmembrannym organelle. Lizungezwe amagobolondo yangaphandle futhi kwangaphakathi. Basuke sihlukile kwezinye isikhala ngasinye intermembrane.

Imvelo sangaphakathi chloroplast eyaziwa ngokuthi "stroma". Iqukethe thylakoids futhi lamellae.

Thylakoids - flat sacs disc angamasongo ulwelwesi, okuyinto i-chlorophyll. Lapha kulapho-photosynthesis senzeka. Iqhubeka kushe, thylakoids yakha grana. Inombolo thylakoids brink ziyahlukahluka kusuka 3 kuya 50.

Lamellae - isakhiwo noma ulwelwesi. Zimelela a branched iziteshi inethiwekhi umsebenzi walo oyinhloko - ukunikeza ukuhlobana ubuso.

Ngo chloroplast aqukethe ribosomes yabo ezidingekile amaprotheni zamagama, ne-DNA yayo futhi RNA. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungase kube inclusions, ehlanganisa esikhundleni umsoco, ikakhulukazi isitashi.

kwezimila yeselula

Kunezinhlobo eziningana kule nqubo. Ingabe anaerobic futhi aerobic kwezimila yeselula. Isici lokuqala amagciwane. Anaerobic kwezimila kuyinto ngezinhlobo eziningi: a nitrate, sulphate, isibabule, insimbi, carbonate, fumarate. Lezi zinqubo ukuvumela ama-bacterium aqala amandla ngaphandle kokusebenzisa i-oksijini.

Aerobic kwezimila yeselula sici kuwo wonke nezinye izinto eziphilayo, kuhlanganise izilwane nezitshalo. Iphuma ne iqhaza oxygen.

Abameleli nezilwane kwezimila yeselula kwenzeka organelles ezikhethekile. Ziyakwazi ngokuthi mitochondria. Ngo izitshalo njengoba kwezimila yeselula kwenzeka mitochondria.

izigaba

kwezimila yeselula senzeka ngezinyathelo ezintathu:

1. Isigaba wokulungiselela.
2. Glycolysis (inqubo anaerobic, akudingi i-oksijini).
3. Namachibi (isigaba aerobic).

I wokulungiselela isigaba

Isinyathelo sokuqala ukuthi ngobugebengu izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi e isimiso sokugaya ukudla bungene kuthiwa phansi lula. Ngakho, amaprotheni ethathwe amino acid esuka lipids - acid okunamafutha kanye glycerol, kusukela carbohydrate ayinkimbinkimbi - glucose. Lezi zinto zehlela kuthiwa zithutha esitokisini, bese - ngqo mitochondria.

glycolysis

Ihlala eqinisweni lokuthi glucose is enzymatically wajinge wanamatsela ukuba pyruvate ne-hydrogen ama-athomu. Loku ATP (adenosine triphosphate). lokhu kwesibalo ungaboniswa kule nqubo:

• C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ = 2 C ₃ H ₃ O ₃ + 4H + 2ATF.

Ngakho, ngo-inqubo glycolysis eyodwa glucose-molecule umzimba bangathola ezimbili molecule ATP.

namachibi

Kulesi sigaba, imiswe phakathi glycolysis pyruvic acid enzymatically ihlangana oxygen ukuze kwakheke ama-carbon dioxide ne-hydrogen ama-athomu. Lezi ama-athomu abese uyiswa crista lapho oxidized ukwakha amanzi kanye nama-molecule ATP 36.

Ngakho, ngo-inqubo emishinini yokuphefumula yeselula ikhiqizwa Imininingwane 38 molecule ATP 2 esigabeni sesibili bese 36 - olwesithathu. triphosphate Adenosine futhi iyona esemqoka umthombo wamandla, ehlinzekwe kanye mitochondria esitokisini.

Isakhiwo mitochondria

Organelles lapho kwezimila senzeka, lapho isilwane futhi ngezitshalo nangezilwane amaseli fungal. They possess umumo eyindilinga futhi ubukhulu mayelana 1 Micron.

Mitochondria njengoba chloroplast babe ulwelwesi amabili ngezintambo ezinqamula isikhala intermembrane. Kuyini ngaphakathi ulwelwesi we organelle, ngokuthi matrix. Iqukethe ribosomes, DNA mitochondrial (mtDNA) kanye mtRNK. I-matrix uya glycolysis kanye namachibi isinyathelo sokuqala.

Of ulwelwesi kwangaphakathi emphethweni akhiwa, efana lamagquma. Zibizwa ngokuthi cristae. Lapha buyisigaba esigabeni sesithathu emishinini yokuphefumula yeselula yesibili. Phakathi molecule wakhe kakhulu kwakhiwa ATP.

Umsuka dvuhmembrannyh organelles

Ososayensi baye bafakazela ukuthi izakhiwo ezihlinzeka photosynthesis nokuphefumula kwezimila abangu ayengakwazi khona ukuphuma endlini by symbiogenesis. Okungukuthi, kanye kwaba eziphilayo ezithile. Lokhu kuwachaza kahle lokuthi kule mitochondria, futhi chloroplast babe ribosomes siqu, DNA yabo futhi RNA.