Exoplanet - Iyini? Indlela yokuvula futhi ukufunda exoplanets?

Exoplanet - embulungeni ingaphandle yesimiso sethu sonozungezilanga. Kuleminyaka engamashumi amabili kuye kwatholakala izinkulungwane izingosi ezinjalo, ikakhulukazi ngosizo NASA "Kepler" isikhala isibonakude.

Exoplanet - kuyini?

Lezi izinto cosmic ziyahlukahluka ngobukhulu babo kanye ezungeza. Ezinye zazo yilezi amaplanethi amakhulukazi ejikeleza eduze izinkanyezi zawo. Ezinye embozwe iqhwa, ematsheni. NASA nezinye izinhlaka ufuna uhlobo olukhethekile planethi: badinga exoplanet efana Earth, okuyinto lumayelana inkanyezi afana Sun, futhi itholakala habitable zone.

I habitable zone kuyinto uhla amabanga inkanyezi lapho izinga lokushisa kule planethi ngokuvumela ukuba khona izilwandle liquid amanzi, okuyinto ebalulekile ukuze ukuphila. OluseDuze zone definition yayisekelwe yakhoibrium elula ezishisayo, kodwa izibalo yesimanje zihlanganisa nezinye izinto eziningi, r. H. Planet abamba ukushisa emkhathini. Lokhu kwenza imingcele anyakaza habitable zone.

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela ngemvelaphi yokuphila

Nakuba exoplanet - kokutholakala 1990, kwaphela iminyaka eminingi, izazi zezinkanyezi Aye aneliseka ukuthi zikhona. Abazi nje ukholwa, futhi isekelwe kulezi ziphetho ashintshane kancane Sun ethu nezinye izinkanyezi.

Izazi zezinkanyezi abe imfundiso yokuziphendukela umsuka wokuphila ezisesimisweni sethu sikanozungezilanga. Kafushane, ifu ujikelezisa igesi kanye uthuli (obizwa ngokuthi uMthetho esigaxeni welanga) ngaphansi amandla adonsela phansi yayo siqu uquleke kwakhiwa inkanyezi yethu futhi iplanethi. Ngemva kwalokho, ukulondolozwa umfutho emincane kwakusho ukuthi ukukhanya Ngokuzayo kufanele uphendukisa ngokushesha kakhulu. Nokho, nakuba has 99,8% we mass sonozungezilanga amaplanethi babe 96% umfutho walo emincane. Izazi zezinkanyezi ziye wazibuza ukuthi kungani inkanyezi yethu uzungeza kancane ngakho.

ukukhanya osemncane wayenokholo inkambu enamandla kakhulu kazibuthe kabani imigqa amandla abamhlaba disk ezingqubuzanayo ezaziyaluzisa igesi kusukela lapho iplanethi kwakhiwa. Lezi imigqa baye zihlotshaniswa icala igesi izinhlayiya, abese enza sengathi amahange, okwehlisa ukujikeleza kwelanga bese bakha gas ukuphotha ukuthi ekugcineni yaphenduka iplanethi. izinkanyezi Iningi uphendukisa kancane, ngakho zezinkanyezi laphetha ngokuthi "unyathela amabhuleki kazibuthe" efanayo kwenzeka futhi, okusho ukuthi okuyakumehlela kumiswa amaplanethi. Ngakho esefika esiphethweni esinengqondo: izwe kudingeka uqalaza a izinkanyezi Sun-like.

okutholakele ekuseni

Ngenxa yalesi sizathu nezinye, abacwaningi lokuqala ukhawule ucinge exoplanets izinkanyezi afana Sun, kodwa okwatholwa emibili yokuqala 1992 ingeyamakhosi Pulsar (ngokushesha ukuphotha izinsalela izinkanyiso nowashona supernova) ngokuthi PSR B1257 + 12. I exoplanet ezokuqala azungeza inkanyezi (isithombe esithathwe esihlokweni) elihlangabezana nale mfuneko, lavulwa ngo-1995. Kwakuwusuku 51 Pegasi b, nenqwaba okuyinto sokuboshwa isikhathi esilingana mass Jupiter futhi eduze izikhathi 20 ukuze nelanga kuka-Earth. Kwathi bengalindele. Kodwa omunye ayinto engaqondakali senzeka eminyakeni eyisikhombisa ekuqaleni, sibonga ngalo kwaba sobala ukuthi ayovuleka exoplanets eziningi.

Ngo-1988, iqembu lososayensi Canadian uye wathola iplanethi ubukhulu of Jupiter, ehambahamba Gamma Cephei. Kodwa ngoba orbit lalilincane kakhulu kunalelo orbit Jupiter, ososayensi abaye bakusho ukuthola sokugcina. Izazi zezinkanyezi akazange alinge ukuphakamisa ukuthi amaplanethi ezinjalo. Kuyinto ehluke ngokuphelele kulokho isimiso sethu sonozungezilanga ukuthi ososayensi babehlale beqaphile.

Kusukela omkhulu encane

Cishe njalo evulekile exoplanet lokuqala - a yupiteropodobny omkhulu (noma ngaphezulu) igesi giant, ujikeleze at ibangana inkanyezi yayo umzali. Lokhu kuchazwe iqiniso lokuthi izazi zezinkanyezi ziye wasebenzisa inqubo yokulinganisa Isivinini osabalalayo, ebheka degree of "Wobble" we inkanyezi ukuzungeza iplanethi nxazonke. Eduze inesikhala esikhulu emizimbeni cosmic kukhona nomthelela ukuze kungenziwa kalula itholiwe.

Ngaphambi kwenkathi exoplanet Okutholakele amathuluzi ubengase ukukala bekanikela izinkanyezi nge ukunemba kuze ikhilomitha ngomzuzwana, owawungumnyaka alanele ukuthola kunyakaza zabo ngaphansi kwethonya amaplanethi. amathuluzi Modern bayakwazi ukulinganisa ijubane noma ingaba isentimitha nje elilodwa ngomzuzwana, ngokwengxenye ngenxa okwandisa ukunemba imishini, kodwa futhi ngenxa isipiliyoni enkulu izazi zezinkanyezi ekwabiweni lezi zimpawu ababuthakathaka.

Imininingwane ukuqhuma "Kepler"

Namuhla sekunamabandla angaphezu kuka-1,000 exoplanets waqinisekisa wathola omunye satellite. Space Telescope, "Kepler" wethulwa 2009 futhi beyifuna iplanethi sikulungele ukuba kuphilwe kuso iminyaka emine. Kwakuvamise indlela ebizwa ngokuthi "ukuba sendleleni" - kukalwa dimming izinkanyezi ngenkathi behamba phambi ke into isikhala.

"Kepler" luye lwembula ngokuchichima izinhlobo ezahlukene amaplanethi. Ngaphezu imidondoshiya igesi nemizimba isibonakude eliwumhlaba wasiza ekumiseni ukuba khona isigaba esisha "super-Earths", kukhona izilinganiso okuyinto ngaphakathi usayizi Earth Neptune. Ezinye zazo zitholakala esishintshashintshayo indawo engahlala izinkanyezi zawo, kodwa astrobiologists uye wahlola izibalo ukuze sibone ukuthi imihlaba enjalo, ukuphila kungajabulisa futhi ziphenduke.

Ngo-2014, isazi sezinkanyezi nesazi "Kepler" umnikelo indlela "kaningi yokuqinisekisa", okuyinto obekumele ukwandisa ijubane amaplanethi translation ukhetho isimo baqinisekisa. Le nqubo kusekelwe ukuzinza esemkhathini - izinkanyezi eziningi ecima emva esifushane, okungaba ngenxa kuphela amaplanethi omise encane, njengokuthi noma ngabe i liyinkanyezi, ngabe adonsela phansi kwaphoqa nomunye erherhweni phakathi neminyaka embalwa million.

nezinye izabelo

Nakuba iziphuphutheki ( "Kepler" kanye French CoRoT), yalandela exoplanets, kuphelile umsebenzi wazo wangempela, ososayensi basaqhubeka iphathwa etholwe nalezi idatha, okwenza ama-discovery amasha. Futhi ngaphandle umsebenzi, ngeke uhambe. KAKHULU uqhubeke ukusebenzisa iziphuphutheki kanye NASA Tess, futhi Okhahlamba CHEOPS UPLATO futhi ESA satellite abayofuna zokuhamba kusuka isikhala esikhathini esizayo esiseduze. Emhlabeni, i-spectrograph namahabhu imitha-3.6 isibonakude le-European Observatory Wik eChile kunesithembiso Doppler search for oscillations lezinkanyezi, kodwa abathintekayo ozingela nezinye izibonakude eziningi.

Esinye sezibonelo zalokhu Spitzer Space Telescope NASA. Njengoba kuyintando sensitive bohlu infrared, akwazi ukukala izinga lokushisa iphrofayela ekzoplanety futhi unike umqondo wokuthi nomkhathi wawo.

Amaplanethi ezingaphezu kuka 3,000 eyaziwa kunzima ukuyeka okukhethayo on a ngcosana of them. Small exoplanets siqinile habitable zone Ubonakala abazobhapathizwa phambili, kodwa izazi zezinkanyezi ukuhlukanisa abanye aye akhula ngendlela ukuqonda kwethu ukubunjwa nokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlangano nezinye imihlaba.

izimpawu zokuqala

51 Pegasi b. Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, lokhu kwaba exoplanet lokuqala efakazelwe azungeza a izinkanyezi solar-hlobo. Nge isigamu nenqwaba Jupiter, it esuswa isikhungo uhlelo at ibanga Mercury. Iplanethi usondelene kakhulu inkanyezi salo, esiwulwazi Cishe, kolunye uhlangothi lwalo uku bamba olwandle - ke njalo ubhekene inkanyezi.

HD 209458 b. Waqale wathola ngo-1999 iplanethi extrasolar (isithombe esithathwe esihlokweni) ababedlula sisendleleni ngu inkanyezi yayo (nakuba le ndlela iye yasetshenziselwa Doppler), eyalandelwa ezinye okutholakele. Lona iplanethi lokuqala ngaphandle komthala wethu, lapho kwemigomo emkhathini aye atholakala, kuhlanganise iphrofayli lokushisa kanye ukungabikho amafu.

imihlaba esiphawulekayo

55 Cancri e Lokhu exoplanet -. Kuyinto lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "super-Earths", othinta izibilini i emzileni sizungeze inkanyezi ekhanya ngokwanele ukuze sibonakale ngokubona okubonakala ngeso lenyama. Ngakho, izazi zezinkanyezi bangayitadisha uhlelo ngaphezu kwanoma yimuphi omunye. "Unyaka" waso amahora 17 kuphela futhi imizuzu 41 (ke wamiswa lapho KAKHULU waphawula uhlelo amasonto amabili ngo-2011). Theorists basikisela ukuthi 55 Cancri e bangase bacebe carbon kanye core idayimane.

HD 80606 b. Lokhu exoplanet - umnikazi irekhodi (ngesikhathi wokuvula yayo ngo-2001) kwi eyinqaba komzila wokuzungeza. Kungenzeka ukuthi indlela lokuya kwaso, efana emzileni inkanyezi enomsila Halley sika, kungenzeka ukuthi umataniswe nethonya nezinye izinkanyezi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umuntu onjalo orbit kakhulu kubangela simo esishubile okwedlulele imvelo embulungeni yonke.

Wasp-33b. Lalivulwe ngo-2011 futhi has a uhlobo ilanga okulala - the Stratosphere - olubamba ingxenye ukukhanya ebonakalayo futhi ultraviolet lale nkanyezi umzali. Planet hhayi kuphela ehamba ku-orbit kolunye uhlangothi, kodwa futhi kubangela ukuguquguquka yokukhanya olubhala satellite KAKHULU.

twins Zomhlaba

Kepler-442b. Lokhu exoplanet - ke lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "Umhlaba analog." usayizi, mass futhi lokushisa yayo umbuso kufana kakhulu kule planethi yethu. Vula Januwari 6, 2015, itholakala e umlaza Lyra at ibanga 1,120 light-years. Amazinga phezu ekzoplanety enamadwala kuyinto -40 ° C. isisindo salo sikhulu izikhathi 2,34 nenqwaba Earth, kanye lamandla 30% ngaphezulu. Le planethi ongaphandle kwendawo lapho bamba olwandle isenzo. Ephepheni eshicilelwe ngo-2015 umsebenzi, yena kanye Kepler-186f futhi 62f, yaqanjwa ngokuthi ikhandidethi kangcono amaplanethi engase owakhiwe (bheka. Photo).

Exoplanet Kepler-78b. It lumayelana inkanyezi Kepler-78. Ngesikhathi wokuvula ngo-2013, i-iplanethi kakhulu efana Umhlaba mass, engaba kanye kwabantu naphakathi. Kuye kwatholakala hhayi kuphela ukuba sendleleni baso engibukhulumile ukukhanya, kodwa ukusitheka nokukhanya kubonakala elihambisana izigaba esemkhathini. "Unyaka" ekzoplanety sithatha amahora 8.5 kuphela, t. K. Ingabe eduze izikhathi 40 ukuze inkanyezi kuka ibanga kusuka Mercury elangeni.