Freud sasho - umsunguli psychoanalysis. Okuchaza, ngokuvumelana Freud, ukuziphatha kwethu?

Ubaba uhlelo ngokuthi "Ufuna ukukhuluma ngakho? Lala embhedeni, "umuntu bathola sexologists umsebenzi, kubhekwe amaphupho ukhiye zonke izinkinga, ubelokhu eqashelwa umhlaba wonke, futhi wasinda ngokulambisa ngesikhathi amaNazi abulala - USolomoni Sigizmund (Sigmund) Freud.

Indlela Bonke baqala

Freud sasho (6 Meyi 1856 - Septhemba 23, 1939) - umsunguli imfundiso yokuziphendukela psychoanalysis. Njengoba sengineminyaka ngezinga wezokwelapha ngasekupheleni XIX leminyaka e-Austria, wabhala imisebenzi on isihloko iziyaluyalu letindzala yokukhuluma kanye nezifo ezithile zesimiso sezinzwa. Nokho, ukuze bazuze impumelelo kulo mkhakha ke azikaze kusukela liphazamisa kwamaJuda, okuyinto buthola emphakathini jika ngesikhathi. Ngenxa yalokhu, yena usinakile wezifo zengqondo, okwakukhona ngaphansi athuthukile hhayi kakhulu. Lo mnyakazo imakwe senguquko emkhakheni wezokwelapha, njengoba Freud kuqala kubhekwe ukuthi isikhalo umuntu aquleke, ucabangela kwaba umthombo wakhe kukho konke izifo eziningi ezingokwengqondo zengqondo. Psychology kaFreud kuyadida, kudala lukhulu zokuphikisana kuze kube yilolu suku. Lokho kukhona ngisho olusemthethweni uthando Sigmund-cocaine! Wasebenzisa ke yena kanye ngokuqinile wabelane nge imvelo, ngomdlandla amazwana umphumela izidakamizwa, okuyinto waphonsa ukucindezeleka futhi ukukhuthaza ukugaya. Phakathi ucwaningo kwatholakala ukuthi "Ukuphulukisa powder" ingasetshenziswa njengendlela izinzwa phakathi nokuhlinzwa phezu kwamehlo. Cocaine emisebenzini zesayensi wakhushulwa isikhundla sokuba Freud panacea, okuyinto yena, kwabangela igagasi yizidakamizwa, okungadingi ukubohla kuze 1920. Ngenxa yalokhu, le udokotela wezengqondo usebhekene sola jikelele, njengoba kwaba umqalisi yasekuqaleni yokuba umlutha abantu eYurophu nase-United States. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yokuphila okuqhubekayo nobuNazi nokubandlululwa kwamaJuda we wezifo zengqondo kanye nomkhaya wakhe besongelwa, futhi kuphela sibonga kwayo uhulumeni zamenza ukushiya Austria yalungisa eLondon. Inhloko-dolobha ye-UK wathatha Freud ngokujabula, kuhlanganise Royal Society nokuqinisekisa nodumo phambi kube sekupheleni kwezinsuku zakhe.

Personality Freud: metal isakhiwo

Njengoba sekushiwo ngenhla, Freud iyiphayona emkhakheni wezifo zengqondo, ayeyithanda umuntu aquleke, ngokudlula kwakhe bayazi. imisebenzi yakhe mikhulu kangakanani olunzulu futhi othize, kodwa kungenzeka ukwehlukanisa amalungiselelo main ababebeka zisekelwe.

Figure schematically imibukiso ubuntu ngokusho ukuba Freud, sicabanga zonke izici ngokuningiliziwe:

• I-Id - «Kuyinto". Animal ungumuntu zisekelwe kuphela izifiso ongaphakeme kanye nezidingo. "It" has omunye umgomo - ukuze ujabule.
• Ego - «I». Kuyinto umuntu ngokwakhe njengoba kuvela iphuzu yezenhlalakahle umbono. "Mina" limelela ukugcwaliseka okwenzekayo, ukuthi lisho ukuthini, ngokuvumelana Freud ukuxhumana eziphelele kakhulu nezwe ngaphandle, ikhono ukuxhumanisa esidlule, zamanje nezesikhathi esizayo, ukuze sifinyelele iziphetho. Has a indlela zokuzivikela, livikela kusukela "It".
• Superego - «superego". Lena umuntu esifisa abe umphakathi ngaphansi kwengcindezi. "Superego" abizele umuntu okufanele akwenze, esekelwe xhumelela zokuziphatha nonembeza.

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela esikhundleni

Okungcono kakhulu, zonke lezi izingxenye ubuntu nigcine ngokuhlalisana ngokuthula - "Kuyinto" amashushu ngokuyisa injabulo ngangokunokwenzeka ukuzithola, "superego" uzibophezele ekahle ophoqelelwa kusukela ngaphandle, futhi "Mina" ngokulingene kwalezi zinhlangothi ezimbili ezeqisayo. Ekusebenteni, ekahle ongenakuwufinyelela, ngokuvumelana Freud, ngoba zonke indlela eyodwa noma omunye ukhuluphele. Ngokwesibonelo, psychopaths "Mina" ukuyiveza "It", isifiso sokuthola injabulo amakhefu at intando, ubhubhise yonke izisekelo. Ngo neurotics - kunalokho, i-violin ngineminyaka lokuqala udlala indima "super-ukuzazisa", okwandisa Ukunganeliseki okuphakade futhi bemlahlile ukungapheleli yayo.

Kusho ukuthini ukwelashwa kaFreud elokugula ngengqondo? Isimiso esiyisisekelo - kwakuhilela ukwamukela "It" noma "super-ukuzazisa" ukuba "Mina" by cazelo of phupha kanye inhlangano khulula.

nentuthuko yomuntu siqu

Isazi akuyona kuphela ngowokuqala baqaphele Ubulili, kodwa babenza nokugqamisa wakhe, bathi oshukumisa libido womuntu (ukuhahela anelisa izinkanuko zenyama). Ukuthuthukiswa Freud kuboshelwe ezocansi, kanye wafika nendoda, hhayi kuphela kubonakaliswa nokuthomba. Kulesi sisekelo, izinyathelo ukwakha ngabanye lalihlukene:

• Oral (lokuzalwa-1.5 eminyakeni). Zonke izinjabulo zezwe basuke bagxila umlomo. Umntwana hhayi kuphela ukujabulela inqubo yokudla, kodwa futhi ihlola izinto ezizungezile ngomlomo.
• Anal (iminyaka 1-3). Le ndawo anal liyisikhungo injabulo, njengoba ingane siqeqeshelwe azikhulula bebodwa, uyakwazi ukulawula wamathumbu nokunye bathembele ngokuphelele ezintweni ukunakekelwa kwabazali.
• Sowesilisa (iminyaka 3-5). Libido kuzibonakalisa isithakazelo isibunu, contact ekufanele ingane esikujabulelayo. Kulesi sigaba, abafana ungakheka le Oedipus eziyinkimbinkimbi, okusho isifiso kaFreud kunina, amantombazane njengoba analog - ". Umthondo emoneni" Electra eziyinkimbinkimbi, noma
• Esicashile (iminyaka 6-12). Libido kudamba, ukuziqaphela nomphakathi kuza busobala.
• Zangasese (kusuka 12 iminyaka). Ukuthomba, ubulili osesikhundleni yokuqala.

Ingabe ikhona siphetho?

Incazelo yokuthi kusho ukuthini ukuba abantu Freud, kuyinto debatable. Cabanga umuntu kuphela kusukela umbono ngobulili bakhe akudingekile, ngoba eyodwa emaceleni. Nokho, yena wezengqondo wavuma ukuthi imicabango yabantu bakhe akuqedile futhi kumele kubukanwe nawo uma kwenzeka ukuthi avele idatha entsha. Futhi ungakhohlwa mayelana lokuthi imisebenzi sokusebenza kwengqondo asisekelo Sexology yesimanje, bakwazi ukuthola incazelo kanye indlela yokwelashwa yanoma yimuphi ukuphambuka.