Genotype futhi phenotype njengoba zemvelo wesayensi, kanye nomphakathi izigaba

Namuhla le miqondo emibili abangu ziyasatshalalaiswa ezindaweni ezahlukene ulwazi, nakuba ekuqaleni ukusetshenziswa kwabo isicelo kuphela emkhakheni wezinto eziphilayo. Sencazelo "womuntu genotype" bavela okokuqala yesayensi revolution ngenxa yomsebenzi Johanson, lapho ngo-1909 lapho esetshenziswa ke ukuze ubheke eyinkimbinkimbi lezinceku izici i umzimba. Isigaba "genotype" ihlukile okuqukethwe kusukela imiqondo isakhi sofuzo futhi isakhi pool, njengoba ephawula ahlukene ndlovu eziphilayo, futhi isakhi sofuzo futhi isakhi sofuzo echibini izici zofuzo ezibonisa kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.

Imiqondo genotype futhi phenotype nazo ezahlukene. Uma genotype uchaza kuphela izici zabo ngofuzo, okuyizinto eziyizici umzimba Phiko kwencika yayo phezu nezinye izizathu, phenotype ibonisa izakhiwo aqukethe isenzo imvelo, ngumlamuli izinguquko zofuzo.

Injalo jikelele eziningi, genotype njengoba uhlelo lephelele ihlukile phenotype nemingcele ezilandelayo:

- banayo imithombo ezahlukene zolwazi zofuzo (genotype lokhu DNA phenotype awashintsheki Imininingwane etholwe ocwaningweni sangaphandle umzimba);

- ngenxa yalokho, omunye futhi genotype esifanayo angase alethe njengomnikelo ingxenye phenotypes ahlukahlukene.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-genotype eside (njengoba enzeka yemvelo) lithathwa njengeNdawo lingaba nencazelo ebanzi futhi ayibanzi. Ngomqondo ewumngcingo, lokhu, njengoba sekuphawuliwe kakade, inhlanganisela eliyingqayizivele ufuzo, futhi ngendlela ezibanzi - isethi zonke izici eyifa kwenziwa zofuzo. Ngalo mqondo, le genotype kubonakala ngokusebenzisa inhlanganisela eliyingqayizivele amasethi zofuzo umuntu kakhulu (genomes) izici etholakala abazali.

Ngakho, umehluko eyodwa ngaphezulu: i genotype futhi phenotype zihlukaniswa iqiniso lokuthi phenotype ngaphansi kwethonya izici zangaphandle kungase sokuphila ushintsho, kuyilapho genotype waso sonke isikhathi izohlala ingashintshiwe.

Ngenxa yalokho, ukuze ekutholeni genotype kungenziwa wasondela ngendlela ehlukile, lapho kuchazwa ngokuthi:

- esingokwemvelo kuphela ngabanye inhlanganisela izici ocwaningweni;

- namabhuzu ethize alleles ngezimiso (enye yezindlela ezimbili ezihlukene kuqala zofuzo) eziqukethwe a ufuzo ezithile.

Phenotype omiswe physico-chemical kwemigomo umzimba, ezichaza hhayi kuphela ubuntu begazi kwamakhemikhali kodwa futhi kokuziphatha. Leli gama, njengoba genotype, isetshenziswa zokwelapha ezimbili. Ngomqondo obanzi, lesi phenotype umzimba ibonisa izimpawu kwabanye. Ngo ungumthombo ongumngcingo ngaphezulu umuzwa phenotype kubhekwa njengento umbandela wokuthola evelela ezithile eziphilayo, isib, ngabanye sinomthwalo phenotype okusezingeni eliphezulu undersized - kwenye.

Phakathi nekhulu le-19, ngesikhathi kumiswa kwabantu njengoba isayensi, omunye ethandwa kakhulu imiqondo Ukucabangela umphakathi, kwaba nemfundiso kaZiqu organicism UHerbert Spencer, ngokuyisisekelo okuyinto njengoba injalo jikelele kakhulu kwaba ukuqinisekisa ukuthi Spencer wazama ukucabanga umphakathi efana umzimba womuntu ezikhulayo. Ukwehlukanisa ka soobschnostey womuntu waqinisekisa kule mfundiso azifani isizwe ngasinye, amasiko alo, sengqondo, izici endleleni zomlando, izinhlobo eyinhloko ukucabanga komphakathi nokuziphatha, nabanye abaningi.

Lokhu okwaholela yokuthi imiqondo genotype futhi phenotype ziye zanda futhi izimfundiso nomphakathi. Samuntu elula ngale ncazelo iyona Ukukhetha okuthiwa genotypes empumalanga nasentshonalanga umphakathi lapho sokunquma imingcele evelela kubo aphume ashone ukuze izici nje kwezenhlalo, sengqondo. isiko ngokwengqondo nangokwenhlalo, indlela zomlando yentuthuko, inkolo kanye nabanye. Ukusebenzisa izigaba genotype futhi phenotype e sphere yezenhlalakahle, kuye kwenza ukuzisebenzisa ukuze ubheke nenqubo yemvelo sociocultural ekuhloleni abantu, izinhlanga, amaqembu athile ogxile ezinkulu kwezenhlalo kanye nemiphakathi.