Ulungiselela aldehydes futhi ukusabela kwawo

Aldehydes futhi ketones kukhona iqembu carbonyl compounds, futhi bamele i-molecule hydrocarbon. Uma sikubeka kalula, aldehydes - ekhuthaza carbon ne-hydrogen athomu, futhi ketones - carbonyl kwakwakhe ne-carbon izinsalela aldehydes. Ngokuvamile, inhlanganisela iqembu carbonyl ne-hydrogen ngokuthi aldehyde iqembu, futhi bona aldehydes futhi ketones - oxidizing kwakwakhe.

Ngaphandle-formaldehyde, okuyinto has a ifomu gaseous, kanye nazo zonke ezinye izinhlobo aldehydes futhi ketones kukhona uketshezi mobile kokuba abilayo okuyinto ephansi kakhulu kunalokho lokushisa carbon netinombolo-atom amancanyana. Hydrogen, okuyinto ingxenye aldehydes, wabavumela ukuncibilikisa ngokuphelele emanzini.

Ulungiselela aldehydes kwenzeka ngezindlela ezihlukene kuhluke kushuba into kwenzeka ne namachibi hydrocarbon. Uhlobo olula aldehyde ngokuthi formaldehyde, etholakale lapho ekhuthaza umoya-mpilo ne-methane ngemadlana encane zethusi-zinc impahla. Ulungiselela aldehydes futhi ketones kuncike kwakwakhe ezahlukene amakhemikhali futhi kuma-athomu e abathintekayo kulo namachibi.

I acid okuyinto etholakala emva compounds aldehyde kanye nezinye izinto kokuba carbon substrate efanayo. Amagama imikhiqizo aldehyde zivame kakhulu ezisetshenziswa amagama Russian eziwubala ehambelana igama acid sokugcina, eziguqulelwa aldehyde. Ngokwesibonelo, amanye amagama ka aldehydes: formic, acetic, propionic, icwecwe futhi aldehydes isobutyric. Futhi ngamunye wabo uhlukile komunye nomunye e-athomu. Ulungiselela aldehydes ngokuyinhloko ngenxa namachibi of alcohols eyinhloko. Kuyinto ebaluleke kunazo zonke izindlela eyaziwa ukulungiswa ketshezi.

Acetaldehyde is etholwe inhlanganisela utshwala kanye potassium dichromate, futhi ligcinwe, le nqubo cishe njalo egunjini lokucwaninga esibhedlela. Eyesibili indlela ngawo uthatha kwakwakhe aldehyde kuyinto utshwala, umoya-mpilo, i-metal. Platinum Ezimweni eziningi, njengoba lokhu metal ngeyona ezimatasa. Ungasebenzisa futhi zethusi powder, kodwa ukusebenza naye nzima. Ukuze kubalulekile ukufudumeza kwakwakhe zethusi okushisa aphakeme.

Ukusabela lapho umoya-mpilo iqhaza, kungaba liphindwe iyiphi inombolo ye izikhathi. Esikhathini namachibi zethusi-mpilo etholwe methyl utshwala. Futhi ukulungiswa aldehyde benzoic kusuka kuma-atom Halogen, okuholela yokusabela chemical ngu hydroxyl.

Ngamunye aldehyde ngabanye has izakhiwo zalo zamakhemikhali, yena, ukuxubana nezinye izinto. Lezi ukusabela zingahlukaniswa zibe amaqembu amaningana, namaqembu abafanele zama-athomu. Esokuqala uxhumano oxide esiliva. Lapho esiliva oxide kwakwakhe, kanye aldehyde, futhi amalahle ingxube epayipini test kungabonwa enamathela metallic. Uma aldehyde ukwengeza zethusi oxide kanye evuthayo ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu, esiluhlaza kwenze zethusi hydroxide liphenduka ophuzi. Okungukuthi, abangabantwana izidakamizwa is kuguquka acid. Kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi uma ingxube ophuzi sishisiswe, ekugcineni bomvu.

Ulungiselela aldehydes nge izakhiwo elimnandi, futhi namachibi ukuqhutshwa isikhathi eside, futhi ekugcineni kuholela elivela kuzo perbenzoic acid.

Phakathi kwezinye izinto, ungakwazi unake ukusabela aldehyde, ebizwa ngokuthi Cannizzaro ukuphendula. Ngalesi ukuphendula, omunye amabili molecule ye aldehyde is kuguquka acid, kanti eyesibili - emuva utshwala. Nokho, bonke Kulezi zindlela ezingenhla, ukulungiswa aldehydes kancane into exakayo, futhi mhlawumbe engaqondakali umuntu engenalwazi, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi cishe zonke aldehydes anobuthi kakhulu futhi kungaba buthelela emzimbeni womuntu.